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Acids and Bases Definitions

Arrhenius Definition
A protonic acid or Arrhenius acid is a substance which in water solution produces an excess of H+ ions HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Perchloric acid HClO4 Nitric acid HNO3 Sulfuric acid H2SO4

Protic Acids
Protic = Number of ionizable H Monoprotic = 1 HCl , HNO3, HCN, HC2H3O2

Diprotic = 2 H2CO3 , H2SO4 Triprotic = 3 H3PO4

Base
Arrhenius base is a substance which directly or indirectly, forms excess OH- ion in solution. NaOH, KOH , Ca(OH)2

Properties of Acids
1. Acids have sour taste. 2. Acids change the color of litmus paper from blue to red. 3. Acids react with metals such as Zn, Mg, Fe, to produce H2. 4. Acids react with carbonates (CO32-) or bicarbonates (HCO3-) to give CO2. 5. An aqueous solution of acid conducts electricity.

Properties of Bases
1. Bases have bitter taste. 2. Bases feel slippery to touch. 3. Bases change the color of litmus paper from red to blue. 4. An aqueous solution of base conducts electricity.

Bronsted-Lowry Concept
An acid-base reaction is one in which there is a proton transfer from one species to another. The species which gives up, or donates, the proton is an acid. The molecule or ion which accepts the proton is a base.

Examples
HF(aq) H+(aq) + F-(aq)

HF(aq) + H2O H3O+(aq) + F-(aq) acid base acid base HF = proton donor H2O = proton acceptor

Example
HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2-(aq)

acid

base

acid

base

Examples
NH4+(aq) + H2O Acid Base F-(aq) + H2O Base Acid H3O+(aq) + NH3(aq) Acid Base HF(aq) + OH-(aq) Acid Base

NH3(aq) + H2O Base Acid

NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) Acid Base

Example
NH4+(aq) + H2O Acid Base H3O+(aq)+ NH3(aq) Acid Base

Note: H2O can act as an acid and as a base. Such species are said to be amphoteric.

The Lewis Concept


An acid accepts an electron pair
BCl3, AlCl3 BF3

A base donates an electron pair.


NH3, H2O, FAll act as Bronsted bases

Lewis Base
There is an unshared pair of electrons. Utilizes the unshared pair of electorns to accept a proton NH3, H2O, and F- are Lewis bases since they possess an unshared electron pair which can be donated to an acid.

Note
Note that molecules containing an incomplete octet of electrons are Lewis acids. Draw the Lewis structures to verify this!

Examples
H+(aq) Acid + H 2O Base H3O+(aq) Acid NH4+(aq) Acid Zn(H2O)42+(aq) Acid

H+(aq) + NH3(aq) Acid Base Zn2+(aq) + 4H2O Acid Base

Acid-Base Pair
HC2H3O2(aq H+(aq) + C2H3O2- (aq) Acetic Acid Acetate ion (Acid) (Base) The acetate ion is referred to as the conjugate base of acetic acid. Acetic acid is the conjugate acid of the acetate ion. This term can be applied to all weak acid weak base pairs.

Strong Acids
Strong acids ionize completely in water to produce hydrogen ion and an anion. HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Other examples: HBr, HI, HNO3 , HClO4, H2SO4

Strong Bases
Strong bases completely dissociate into a cation and OH- ion. NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) Other examples: Hydroxides of the 1A metals - LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH Hydroxides of the 2A metals Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2

Strong Acid
For 0.5 M HCl soln:
HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-

Before Dissociation [HCl] = 0.5 M [H+] = 0.0 M [Cl-] = 0.0 M

AfterDissociation [HCl] =0 [H+] = 0.5 M [Cl-] = 0.5 M

Strong Base
For NaOH (0.8M) NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) Before Dissociation After Dissociation [NaOH] = 0.8 M 0.0 M [Na+] = 0.0 M 0.8 M [OH-] = 0.0 M 0.8 M

Strong Base
For a 0.001 M CaCl2 CaCl2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) Before Dissociation After Dissociation [CaCl2] =0.001 M 0.0 M [Ca2+] = 0.0 M 0.001M [Cl-] = 0.0 M 2(0.001)M

Weak Acids and Bases


A weak acid or a weak base in solution forms H+ or OH- only to a very small extent. HF(aq) H+(aq) + F-(aq) Conc of HF > conc of H+ or conc of F- after dissociation. NH3(aq) + H2O NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) The conc of NH3 > the conc of NH4+ and OH- after dissociation.

Weak Acids and Bases


For a weak acid and base,
Concentration Before Dissociation = Concentration After Dissociation If a = original conc, and x = amount dissociated (a-x) a

pH
Instead of using [H+] or [OH-] to describe how acidic or basic a solution is, the term pH is preferred. pH = -log10[H+]

Acidic OR Basic?
Neutral soln: [H+] = 10-7; Acidic soln: [H+] > 10-7;
Basic soln:[H+] < 10-7;

pH = 7.0 pH = or < 7.0


pH = or > 7.0

pOH
pOH is used to describe the amount of OHin aqueous solution.

pOH = -log10[OH-]

Relationship between pH, pOH and Kw


Kw is called water dissociation constant Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14

pH + pOH = 14

Buffers
A solution whose pH changes relatively little on addition of acid or base is said to be buffered.

Usually a buffer consists of a mixture of an acid and its conjugate base.

Buffer Capacity
This is the amount of the H+ or OH- that a buffered solution can absorb without significantly changing the pH. It is determined by the magnitude (size) of [HA] and [A-]. For most effective buffers, the ratio [A-]/[HA] must be = 1 or very close to 1

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