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Arrhenius Definition
A protonic acid or Arrhenius acid is a substance which in water solution produces an excess of H+ ions HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Perchloric acid HClO4 Nitric acid HNO3 Sulfuric acid H2SO4
Protic Acids
Protic = Number of ionizable H Monoprotic = 1 HCl , HNO3, HCN, HC2H3O2
Base
Arrhenius base is a substance which directly or indirectly, forms excess OH- ion in solution. NaOH, KOH , Ca(OH)2
Properties of Acids
1. Acids have sour taste. 2. Acids change the color of litmus paper from blue to red. 3. Acids react with metals such as Zn, Mg, Fe, to produce H2. 4. Acids react with carbonates (CO32-) or bicarbonates (HCO3-) to give CO2. 5. An aqueous solution of acid conducts electricity.
Properties of Bases
1. Bases have bitter taste. 2. Bases feel slippery to touch. 3. Bases change the color of litmus paper from red to blue. 4. An aqueous solution of base conducts electricity.
Bronsted-Lowry Concept
An acid-base reaction is one in which there is a proton transfer from one species to another. The species which gives up, or donates, the proton is an acid. The molecule or ion which accepts the proton is a base.
Examples
HF(aq) H+(aq) + F-(aq)
HF(aq) + H2O H3O+(aq) + F-(aq) acid base acid base HF = proton donor H2O = proton acceptor
Example
HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2-(aq)
acid
base
acid
base
Examples
NH4+(aq) + H2O Acid Base F-(aq) + H2O Base Acid H3O+(aq) + NH3(aq) Acid Base HF(aq) + OH-(aq) Acid Base
Example
NH4+(aq) + H2O Acid Base H3O+(aq)+ NH3(aq) Acid Base
Note: H2O can act as an acid and as a base. Such species are said to be amphoteric.
Lewis Base
There is an unshared pair of electrons. Utilizes the unshared pair of electorns to accept a proton NH3, H2O, and F- are Lewis bases since they possess an unshared electron pair which can be donated to an acid.
Note
Note that molecules containing an incomplete octet of electrons are Lewis acids. Draw the Lewis structures to verify this!
Examples
H+(aq) Acid + H 2O Base H3O+(aq) Acid NH4+(aq) Acid Zn(H2O)42+(aq) Acid
Acid-Base Pair
HC2H3O2(aq H+(aq) + C2H3O2- (aq) Acetic Acid Acetate ion (Acid) (Base) The acetate ion is referred to as the conjugate base of acetic acid. Acetic acid is the conjugate acid of the acetate ion. This term can be applied to all weak acid weak base pairs.
Strong Acids
Strong acids ionize completely in water to produce hydrogen ion and an anion. HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Other examples: HBr, HI, HNO3 , HClO4, H2SO4
Strong Bases
Strong bases completely dissociate into a cation and OH- ion. NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) Other examples: Hydroxides of the 1A metals - LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH Hydroxides of the 2A metals Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
Strong Acid
For 0.5 M HCl soln:
HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-
Strong Base
For NaOH (0.8M) NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) Before Dissociation After Dissociation [NaOH] = 0.8 M 0.0 M [Na+] = 0.0 M 0.8 M [OH-] = 0.0 M 0.8 M
Strong Base
For a 0.001 M CaCl2 CaCl2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) Before Dissociation After Dissociation [CaCl2] =0.001 M 0.0 M [Ca2+] = 0.0 M 0.001M [Cl-] = 0.0 M 2(0.001)M
pH
Instead of using [H+] or [OH-] to describe how acidic or basic a solution is, the term pH is preferred. pH = -log10[H+]
Acidic OR Basic?
Neutral soln: [H+] = 10-7; Acidic soln: [H+] > 10-7;
Basic soln:[H+] < 10-7;
pOH
pOH is used to describe the amount of OHin aqueous solution.
pOH = -log10[OH-]
pH + pOH = 14
Buffers
A solution whose pH changes relatively little on addition of acid or base is said to be buffered.
Buffer Capacity
This is the amount of the H+ or OH- that a buffered solution can absorb without significantly changing the pH. It is determined by the magnitude (size) of [HA] and [A-]. For most effective buffers, the ratio [A-]/[HA] must be = 1 or very close to 1