Networks

What is a network? - A system of lines/channels that interconnect - E.g., railroad, highway, plumbing, communication, telephone, computer What is a computer network? -is a collection of computers and devices interconnected by communications channels that facilitate communications and allows sharing of resources and information among interconnected devices
OR -is

a collection of two or more computers linked together for the purposes of sharing information, and resources, among other things.
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Why protocols and layering?

Interoperability Reuse Hiding underlying details

Protocol Layers
Networks are complex! many pieces: hosts routers links of various media applications protocols hardware, software

Question:
Is there any hope of organizing structure of network? Or at least our discussion of networks?

Organization of air travel

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) baggage (claim) gates (unload) runway landing

baggage (check)
gates (load) runway takeoff airplane routing

airplane routing
airplane routing

a series of steps
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Layering of airline functionality

ticket (purchase) baggage (check) gates (load) runway (takeoff) airplane routing
departure airport

ticket (complain) baggage (claim gates (unload) runway (land) airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing
arrival airport

ticket baggage gate takeoff/landing airplane routing

intermediate air-traffic control centers

Layers: each layer implements a service

via its own internal-layer actions relying on services provided by layer below

Why layering?
Dealing with complex systems: explicit structure allows identification, relationship of complex systems pieces
layered reference model for discussion

modularization eases maintenance, updating of system

change of implementation of layers service transparent to rest of system e.g., change in gate procedure doesnt affect rest of system

layering considered harmful?

Internet protocol stack

application: supporting network applications

FTP, SMTP, HTTP

application Transport network link physical

transport: process-process data transfer

TCP, UDP

network: routing of datagrams from source to destination

IP, routing protocols

link: data transfer between neighboring network elements

PPP, Ethernet

physical: bits on the wire

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message segment
Ht

source
M M M M

frame Hl Hn Ht

datagram Hn Ht

application transport network link physical

Encapsulation

link physical switch

destination
M

Ht
Hn Ht Hl Hn Ht

M M M

application transport network link physical

Hn Ht Hl Hn Ht

M
M

network link physical

Hn Ht

router

Introduction

A Layered Network Model

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model.
7 Application Application Presentation Session

6 Presentation
5 4 Session

Transport
Network Data link Physical Network Data link Physical

Transport
Network Data link Physical

3 2
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OSI Motivation

Standard way of breaking up a system in a set of components, but the components are organized as a set of layers.
Only horizontal and vertical communication Components/layers can be implemented and modified in isolation

Each layer offers a service to the higher layer, using the services of the lower layer. Peer layers on different systems communicate via a protocol.
higher level protocols (e.g. TCP/IP, Appletalk) can run on multiple lower layers multiple higher level protocols can share a single physical network

Its only a model! - TCP/IP has been crazy successful, and its not based on a rigid OSI model. But the OSI model has been very successful at shaping thought.

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OSI Functions

(1) Physical: transmission of a bit stream. (2) Data link: flow control, framing, error detection. (3) Network: switching and routing. (4) Transport: reliable end to end delivery. (5) Session: managing logical connections. (6) Presentation: data transformations. (7) Application: specific uses, e.g. mail, file transfer, telnet, network management.

Multiplexing takes place in multiple layers

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Looking at protocols

Hop by hop / link protocols

Ethernet

End-to-end protocols
TCP, apps, etc.

Management / control plane protocols

Routing, etc. Can be either link or e2e themselves Definition somewhat vague.

Standards
File formats, etc.

E.g., JPEG, MPEG, MP3,

Categories not solid / religious, just a way to view things.

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Different Sources of Components

Application: web server/browser, mail, distributed game,.. Presentation/session.

Often part of application Sometimes a library

Application
Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical

Transport/network.
Typically part of the operating system

Datalink.
Often written by vendor of the network interface hardware

Physical.
Hardware: card and link

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OSI Layers

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Motivation: Many many Network Components

Application Application Operating System Links Router Software (many protocols) Operating System

Computer Protocol Software Router Hardware Network Interface Computer Bridge HW/SW
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Protocols for Interoperability

Many implementations of many technologies: Hosts running FreeBSD, Linux, Windows, MacOS, People using Mozilla, Explorer, Opera, Routers made by cisco, juniper, Hardware made by IBM, Dell, Apple, And it changes all the time. But they can all talk together because they use the same protocol(s)
Application level protocols: HTTP, SMTP, POP, IMAP, etc. Hardware protocols (ethernet, etc)

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Protocols for Abstraction & Reuse

Multiple choices of protocol at many layers

Physical: copper, fiber, air, carrier pigeon Link: ethernet, token ring, SONET, FDDI Transport: TCP, UDP, SCTP

But we dont want to have to write a web (HTTP) browser for TCP networks running IP over Ethernet on Copper and another for the fiber version
Reuse! Abstraction! Protocols provide a standard interface to write to Layers hide the details of the protocols below

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Multiplexing and Demultiplexing

There may be multiple implementations of each layer.

How does the receiver know what version of a layer to use?

TCP
IP

TCP
IP

Each header includes a demultiplexing field that is used to identify the next layer.
Filled in by the sender Used by the receiver

V/HL

TOS

Length

ID
TTL Prot.

Flags/Offset
H. Checksum

Multiplexing ooccurs at multiple layers. E.g., IP, TCP,

Source IP address Destination IP address Options.. 18

Example: Sending a Web Page

Http hdr

Web page

Application Presentation

...
TCP header Application payload

Session Transport Network Data link Physical

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Limitations of the Layered Model

Some layers are not always cleanly separated.

Inter-layer dependencies in implementations for performance reasons Some dependencies in the standards (header checksums)

Higher layers not always well defined.

Session, presentation, application layers

Lower layers have sublayers.

Usually very well defined (e.g., SONET protocol)

Interfaces are not always well standardized.

It would be hard to mix and match layers from independent implementations, e.g., windows network apps on unix (w/out compatability library) Many cross-layer assumptions, e.g. buffer management

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The TCP/IP Model

Application
Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical

Application (plus libraries) TCP/UDP IP/ICMP Data link Physical

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Internetworking Options
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

physical 1

data link 2 1 1

repeater

bridge (e.g. 802 MAC)

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

network 3 2 2 1 1

...
3 2 1 3 2 1

router

gateway 22

Some History: The Early Days

Early packet switching networks (61-72).

Definition of packet switching Early DARPA net: up to tens of nodes single network discovery of interesting applications

Internetworking (72-80).
Multiple networks with inter-networking: networks are independent, but need some rules for interoperability Key concepts: best effort service, stateless routers, decentralized control (very different from telephones!) Basis for Internet: TCP, IP, congestion control, DNS, Rapid growth: 10 to 100000 hosts in 10 years Driven by NSF net, research communigy

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Recent History: Commercialization

Industry interest in networking encourages first commercial network deployment.

In part also encouraged by NSFNET policies

Introduction of the Web makes networks more accessible.

Killer application Good user interface that is accessible to anybody Network access on every desktop and in every home Shockingly recent - 1989, caught on in 92 or so

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Standardization

Key to network interoperability. A priori standards.

Standards are defined first by a standards committee Risk of defining standards that are untested or unnecessary Standard may be available before there is serious use of the technology

De facto standards.
Standards is based on an existing systems Gives the company that developed the base system a big advantage Often results in competing standards before the official standard is established

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Relevant Standardization Bodies

ITU-TS - Telecommunications Sector of the International Telecommunications Union.

government representatives (PTTs/State Department) responsible for international recommendations

T1 - telecom committee reporting to American National Standards Institute.

T1/ANSI formulate US positions interpret/adapt ITU standards for US use, represents US in ISO

IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

responsible for many physical layer and datalink layer standards

ISO - International Standards Organization.

covers a broad area 26

The Internet Engineering Task Force

The Internet society.

Oversees the operations of the Internet

Internet Engineering Task Force.

decides what technology will be used in the Internet based on working groups that focus on specific issues encourages wide participation

Request for Comments.

document that provides information or defines standard requests feedback from the community can be promoted to standard under certain conditions consensus in the committee interoperating implementations Project 1 will look at the Internet Relay Chat (IRC) RFC

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Network Types

Classified according to Geography Geographic Distribution

LAN MAN WAN

Architecture Topology Protocol/Communications Technology

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LAN, MAN & WAN

Network in small geographical Area (Room, Building or a Campus) is called LAN (Local Area Network)

Network in a City is call MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

Network spread geographically (Country or across Globe) is called WAN (Wide Area Network)

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Geographic Distribution

Networks

Local Area Network (LAN)

Connects computers in a limited geographical area
Each computer and device is a node

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

High-speed network that connects LANs in a metropolitan area Managed by a consortium of users or a single network provider
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Geographic Distribution

Networks

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Connects computers and devices in a large geographical area

Connected via many types of media One large network or two or more interconnected LANs, MANs

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Network Topologies

Computer network connects two or more autonomous computers.

The computers geographically anywhere.

can be located

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F. Network Topology
1.

How are the components of a LAN physically connected?

Topology

2. 3.

Topology: Basic geometric arrangement of network Types of topologies

Star Ring Bus

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Star Network

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Ring Network

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Bus Network

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The Network Core

mesh of interconnected routers the fundamental question: how is data transferred through net? circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete chunks

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Network Core: Circuit Switching

End-end resources reserved for call

link bandwidth, switch capacity dedicated resources: no sharing circuit-like (guaranteed) performance call setup required

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Network Core: Circuit Switching

network resources dividing link (e.g., bandwidth) bandwidth into divided into pieces pieces pieces allocated to calls frequency division resource piece idle if not used by owning call time division
(no sharing)

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Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM

FDM frequency time TDM frequency time
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Example: 4 users

Network Core: Packet Switching

each end-end data stream divided into packets user A, B packets share network resources each packet uses full link bandwidth resources used as needed

Bandwidth division into pieces Dedicated allocation Resource reservation

resource contention: aggregate resource demand can exceed amount available congestion: packets queue, wait for link use store and forward: packets move one hop at a time

Node receives complete packet before forwarding 41

Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing

A B
100 Mb/s Ethernet

statistical multiplexing
1.5 Mb/s

queue of packets waiting for output link

Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, shared on demand statistical multiplexing. TDM: each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame.
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Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L R

Takes L/R seconds to transmit (push out) packet of L bits on to link or R bps Entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link: store and forward delay = 3L/R (assuming zero propagation delay)

Example: L = 7.5 Mbits R = 1.5 Mbps delay = 15 sec

more on delay shortly

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