TRAINING REPORT ON EMBEDDED SYSTEM

SUBMIT BY:Rekha Rani 1508824

TRAINING INSTITUTE EMTECH FOUNDATION

It is located in Janakpuri East (New Delhi). It is an training institute. It has been recognised by the ISO. In this institute students are allowed to make their project their on for any competitive purpose.

Embedded system
Rapidly growing over the past couple of years. Embedded system envolve the miniaturization of electronics. It also deals with hardware required to derive the associated hardware. Many manufacturers are building their own embedded processors. Its main features are speed, accuracy and reliability. It use has been gradually expanded in to pc market.

What Is Embedded Technology

It is a hardware or software that is hidden Embedded in a large device. It refers to a fixed function device. An embedded system incorporates hardware, operating system and low level software. Various examples of embedded technology are :an engine control unit in car, vending machine, washing machine and mobile phones.

Embedded Technology Evolution

Traditional use of the embedded technology. Greater use in new areas. Embedded in areas other than electronic devices. Embedded have a vast area applications.

What constitutes embedded technology?

Embedded systems. Embedded hardware. Embedded operating system. Embedded software.

Advantages Of Embedded Technology

Low cost Compact Speed High reliability Rugged Simple

Opportunities in embedded technology

In next five years the market for embedded system will reach over $300 billion. Market for embedded system in the area of mobile phones are open. Have a large applications in the area of transportation, entertainment , education home networking.

Microcontrollers are single chip computers. True computer on a chip. Specific purpose digital computers. It incorporates all the features of a microprocessor like ALU,PC,SP, Ram, Rom, Parallel I/O, Serial I/O, Counters, Clock Circuits, Adc etc

Microcontrollers

4-bit microcontroller 8-bit microcontroller 16-bit microcontroller 32-bit microcontroller

History of 8051 microcontroller

In 1981, Intel Corporation introduced an 8- bit microcontroller called the 8051. It was called as a System on chip. Intel refers to it as MCS-51.It is a 40-pin DIP.

Architecture of 8051 microcontroller

Features of microcontroller

8-bit CPU with registers A (the accumulator) and B 16-bit program counter {PC} and data pointer {DPTR} 8-bit program status word {PSW} 8-bit stack pointer {SP} Internal ROM or EPROM {8751} of 0K {8031} to 4K {8051} Internal RAM of 128 bytes which comprises of:-. 4 register banks, each containing 8-registers.

16-bytes which may be addressed at bit level 80-bytes of general purpose data memory 32-I/O pins arranged as four 8-bit ports; P0-P3 Two 16-bit timer/ counter; T0 andT1 Full duplex serial data receiver/transmitter: SBUF Control registers TCON, TMOD, SCON, PCON, IP and IE Two external and three internal interrupt sources Oscillator and clock circuits

CLOCK GENERATION AND CLOCK CIRCUIT

The heart of the 8051 is the circuitry that generates the clock pulses . By these pulses all internal Operations are synchronized. Pins XTAL1 and XTAL2 are for connecting a resonant network to form an oscillator. To calculate the time any particular instruction will take to be executed, find the no of cycles, C . The time to execute that instruction is then found by Tinst = c*12d / crystal frequency

8051 REGISTERS
General purpose registers . Registers (R0-R7): Set of 8 auxiliary registers. These are 4 such banks in lower INTERNAL RAM. Program Counter And Data Pointer. A and B CPU resister .

PROGRAM STATUS WORD (PSW)

CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV P Function Bit 7 Symbol CY (Carry Flag) used in arithmetic, rotate and Boolean instructions used for BCD arithmetic Instructions. user flag 0 Register bank select bit 1

6 5 4

AC (Auxiliary Flag) F0 RS1

2 1 0

RS1 0 0 1 1 OV (Overflow Flag) P

RS0 0 1 0 1

Select register bank 0 Select register bank 1 Select register bank 2 Select register bank 3 used in arithmetic instructions

Reserved for future use shows parity of register A; (1=odd parity)

Internal Ram

The Stack And The Stack Pointer

The stack refers to an area of internal RAM that is used in conjunction with certain opcodes to store and retrieve data quickly. The 8 bit stack pointer register is used by the 8051 to hold an internal RAM address that is called The Top of Stack. The address held in the SP register is the location in the internal RAM where the last byte of data was stored by a stack operation.

TIMER/COUNTERS
The 80C51 has two 16-bit Timer/Counter registers: Timer 0 and Timer 1. Both can be configured to operate either as timers or event counters . The Timer or Counter function is selected by control bits C/T in the Special Function Register TMOD These two Timer/Counters have four operating modes, which are selected by bit-pairs (M1, M0) in TMOD.

TMOD Register

TCON: Timer Control Register

Pin Diagram Of 8051