Digital Modulation Technique

Coherent Non - Coherent

Binary
(m) = 2
M - ary Hybrid
* ASK M-ary ASK M-ary APK
* FSK M-ary FSK M-ary QAM
* PSK M-ary PSK
(QPSK)

Binary
(m) = 2
M - ary
* ASK M-ary ASK
* FSK M-ary FSK
* DPSK M-ary DPSK

Digital modulation techniques


Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
l Pulse shaping can be employed to remove spectral spreading.
l ASK demonstrates poor performance, as it is heavily affected
by noise and interference.
l Long string of zeros causes synchronization loss.
Baseband
Data
ASK modulated
signal
A cos e
c
t A cos e
c
t 0 0
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
l Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) demonstrates better performance
than ASK and FSK.
l PSK can be expanded to a M-ary scheme, employing multiple phases
and amplitudes as different states.
l Filtering can be employed to avoid spectral spreading.
Baseband
Data
Binary PSK modulated
signal
s
1
s
1
s
0
s
0
where s
0
= -A cos e
c
t and s
1
= A cos e
c
t
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

Signal constellation for binary PSK modulation.

Probability of error using dmin
For binary problems detection in Gaussian
noise, Q(x) function can be used.
P() = Q(d
2
min
/2N
o
)

Since
2
= N
o
/2
Prob. of error for BPSK
Simple scheme for generating BPSK modulated signal.

A scheme for coherent demodulation of BPSK modulated signal
following concept of optimum correlation receiver

Power Spectrum for BPSK Modulated Signal

Quadrature/Quarternary phase shift keying (QPSK)
QPSK is effectively two independent BPSK systems (I and Q), and
therefore exhibits the same performance but twice the bandwidth
efficiency.
QPSK can be filtered using raised cosine filters to achieve excellent out
of band suppression.
Large envelope variations occur during phase transitions, thus requiring
linear amplification.
Cos W
c
t
90
0
Odd Data
Even Data
(NRZ)
(NRZ)
QPSK
Q-Channel
I-Channel
Q
(-1,-1)
(-1,1)
I
(1,1)
(1,-1)
Wc = Carrier Frequency, I = In phase channel, Q = Quadrature channel
QPSK- Features

Very important for developing concepts of two
dimensional I-Q modulations as well as for its
practical relevance.
QPSK is an expanded version from binary PSK where
in a symbol consists of two bits and two
orthonormal basis functions are used.
A group of two bits is often called a dibit. So,
four dibits are possible. Each symbol carries same
energy.

4 1 0 ) 2 sin( ] 4 / ) 1 2 sin[(
2
) 2 cos( ] 4 / ) 1 2 [(
2
) (
4 1 0 ] 4 / ) 1 2 ( 2 [
2
) (
to i T t t f i
T
E
t f i Cos
T
E
t s
to i T t i t f Cos
T
E
t s
c c i
c i
= s s =
= s s + =
t t t t
t t
11
4
7
2 cos
2
) (
01
4
5
2 cos
2
) (
00
4
3
2 cos
2
) (
10
4
2 cos
2
) (
3
2
1
dibit input f or t
T
E
t
dibit input f or t
T
E
t
dibit input f or t
T
E
t
bit di input f or t
T
E
t
f
S
f
S
f
S
f
S
c
t
c
c
c

(

+ =

(

+ =

(

+ =

(

+ =
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
In QPSK the carrier is given by
The transmitted signals are given by
| |
| | T t t t
T t t t
f
T
f
T
c
b
c
b
< s =
< s =
0 2 sin
2
) (
0 2 cos
2
) (
2
1
t
t
|
|
The basic functions
( )
( )
4 , 3 , 2 , 1
4
1 2 sin
4
1 2 cos
=
(
(
(
(

= i
i E
i E
Si
t
t
There are four message points and the associated signal vectors are defined by
Input
dibit

Phase of QPSK
signal(radians)
Coordinates of message
points
S
i1
S
i2

10
00
01
11
4
t
2
E
+
2
E

4
3t
2
E

2
E

4
5t
2
E

2
E
+
4
7t
2
E
+ 2
E
+
QPSK Waveform
QPSK Transmitter
QPSK Receiver
Probability of error in QPSK(coherent)
A QPSK system is equivalent to two coherent binary PSK systems working in parallel and
using carriers that are in-phase and quadrature.
The in-phase channel output x
1
and the Q-channel output x
2
may be viewed as the
individual outputs of the two coherent binary PSK systems.
The signal energy per bit is
2
E
and the noise spectral density is
2
0 N
The average probability of bit error in each channel of the coherent QPSK
( )
(
(

=
=
(
(
(

=
N
N
E
erf c
E
E
E
erf c P
2 0
0
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
| |
(

+
(

=
(
(

=
=
No
E
erf c
No
E
erf c
No
E
erf c
P
PC
2 4
1
2
1
2 2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
(

=
=
No
E
erf c
No
E
erf c
P P C e
2 4
1
2
1
2
In the region where 1
2
> >
o
N
E
We may ignore the second term and so the approximate formula for the
average probability of symbol error for coherent QPSK system is
No
E
erfc
Pe
2
=
BFSK
(
(

=
0
1
b
E
S
(
(

=
b
E
S
0
2

b
b
T t t f Cos
T
t s s = 0 2
2
) (
1 1
t |
b
b
T t t f Cos
T
t s s = 0 2
2
) (
2 2
t |
for symbol 1
for symbol 0
t f Cos
T
E
t S
b
b
1 1
2
2
) ( t =
t f Cos
T
E
t S
b
b
2 2
2
2
) ( t =
}
=
b
T
dt t t x x
0
1 1
) ( ) ( |
}
=
b
T
dt t t x x
0
2 2
) ( ) ( |
BFSK Tx
BFSK Rx
l = x
1
x
2

b
b
E
E
x
E
x
E
l
E
=
=
(

=
(

0
1 1 1
2 1
Similarly for 0 transmission
b
E
l
E =
(

0
When symbol 1 was transmitted x
1
and x
2
has mean value of 0 and
b
E respectively.
0
2 1
] [ ] [ ] [
N
x Var x Var l Var
=
+ =
2
0
N
2
0
N
Assuming zero mean additive white Gaussian noise with input PSD
with variance
.
dl
N
E l
N
P P
b
e e
}

(
(

+
= =
0
0
2
0
0
2
) (
exp
2
1
) 0 / 1 (
t
0
2N
E l
Z
b
+
=
(
(

=
=
}

0
2
2
0
2 2
1
) exp(
1
0
N
E
erf c
dz z P
b
N
E
e
b
t
Using dmin Pe expression,
d
2
min
= E + E = 2E = A
2
T
E
b
= (E + E) / 2 = E = A
2
T/2

Similarly
(
(

=
0
1
2 2
1
N
E
erf c P
b
e
The total probability of error =
) 1 / 0 ( ) 0 / 1 ( [
2
1
e e e
P P P + =
Assuming 1s & 0s with equal probabilities
] [
2
1
1 0 e e
P P +
(
(

=
0
2 2
1
N
E
erf c P
b
e
P
e
=

P() = Q(d
2
min
/2N
o
)


P() = Q(A
2
T /2N
o
) = Q(E
b
/N
0
)


Non- Coherent FSK Demodulation
Input Binary Sequence {b
K
} 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Differentially Encoded 1 sequence
{d
K
}
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
Transmitted Phase 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Received Sequence
(Demodulated Sequence)
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Differential Phase Shift Keying [DPSK]
(Non-coherent PSK)
DPSK Transmitter
b d
b d
d
k k
k k
k 1
1

=
Input Binary Sequence {b
K
} 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Differentially Encoded 1
sequence {d
K
}
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
Transmitted Phase 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Received Sequence
(Demodulated Sequence)
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
If correlator output is +ve -- A decision is made in favour of symbol 1
If correlator output is -ve

--- A decision is made in favour of symbol 0
DPSK Receiver
}
=
u
dz z u erf
0
2
) exp(
2
) (
t
}

=
u
dz z u erfc ) exp(
2
) (
2
t
erfc(u) = 1 erf(u)
dx
x
v Q
v
}

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
exp
2
1
) (
2
t
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2
1
) (
v
erfc v Q
( ) ) 2 ( 2 u Q u erfc =
Relation b/w erfc and Q functions
Example 1.
Binary data is transmitted over an RF band pass channel with a usable bandwidth of
10 MHz at a rate of (4.8) (10
6
) bits/sec using an ASK signaling method. The carrier
amplitude at the receiver antenna is 1 mv and the noise power spectral density at the
receiver input is 10
-15
watt/Hz. Find the error probability of a coherent and non
coherent receiver.

Solution: For Coherent ASK,
( ) ). 10 ( 2 26
/ 10 2 /
8 . 4 / 10 , 1 ;
4
7
15
6
2

~ =
=
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Q Pe
Hz watt
T mv A
T A
Q P
b
b
e
q
q
( ) ( ) | |, ) 16 /( exp
2
1
2
q
b e
T A P =
For Non-Coherent ASK,
= 0.0008
Minimum shift keying
Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying [CPFSK] )
| |
| |

+
+
=
0 ) 0 ( 2 cos
2
1 ) 0 ( 2 cos
2
) (
2
1
symbol f or t
symbol f or t
t S
f
T
E
f
T
E
b
b
b
b
u t
u t
| | ) 0 ( 2 cos
2
) ( u t + = t t S
f
T
E
c
b
b
ratio deviation the h
f requency carrier the Where
T h
h
h
by given are s f requencie d transmitte The
t
t
t
f
f f
f f f
T
f f
T
f f
f f
T
T
h
c
b
c
b
c
b
c
b
b
=
=
=
+ =
=
+ =
s s =
&
) (
) ( 2 / 1
&
0 ) 0 ( ) (
2 1
2 1
2
1
2 1
2
2
t
u u
The phase (t) is a continuous function of time:
The variation of phase (t) with time t follows a path consisting of sequence of
straight lines, the slope of which represent frequency change.

Phase treeplot showing possible paths starting from time t=0.
When h=

the frequency deviation equals half the bit rate.

This is the minimum frequency difference (deviation) that allows the two FSK
signals representing symbol 1 & 0.

A CPFSK signal with a deviation ratio of one- half is referred to as minimum
shift keying[MSK].
Deviation ratio h is measured with respect to the bit rate 1/Tb
at t =Tb

=
0
1
) 0 ( ) (
Symbol for h
Symbol for h
T
b
t
t
u u
Phase Trellis, for sequence 1101000


With deviation ratio h=1/2,
b
b
T t t
T
t s s = 0
2
) 0 ( ) (
t
u u
) 2 ( )] ( [
2
) 2 ( )] ( [
2
) ( t f Sin t Sin
T
E
t f Cos t Cos
T
E
t s
c
b
b
c
b
b
t u t u =
In terms of In phase and Quadrature Components,
+ Sign corresponds to symbol 1
- Sign corresponds to symbol 0
In- phase components
b b
b b
b
b b
b
b
b
T t T t
T
Cos
T
E
t
T
Cos Cos
T
E
t Cos
T
E
t s
s s
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
2
2
2
] ) 0 ( [
2
] ) ( [
2
) (
1
t
t
u
u
For the interval of
consists of half cosine pulse

b b
T t T s s
+ Sign corresponds to (0) =0
- Sign corresponds to (0) =
Quadrature components

For the interval of
consists of half sine pulse
b
T t 2 0 s s
b
b b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
Q
T t t
T T
E
t
T
Cos T Sin
T
E
t Sin
T
E
t s
2 0
2
sin
2
2
] ) ( [
2
] ) ( [
2
) (
s s
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
t
t
u
u
+ Sign corresponds to (Tb) =/2
- Sign corresponds to (Tb) = -/2
Since the phase states (0) and (Tb) can each assume one of the two
possible values, any one of the four possibilities can arise
b b c
b b
T t T t f Cos t
T
Cos
T
t s s
|
|
.
|

\
|
= ) 2 (
2
2
) (
1
t
t
|
b c
b b
T t t f Sin t
T
Sin
T
t 2 0 ) 2 (
2
2
) (
2
s s
|
|
.
|

\
|
= t
t
|
b b c
b b
T t T t f Cos t
T
Cos
T
t s s
|
|
.
|

\
|
= ) 2 (
2
2
) (
1
t
t
|
b c
b b
T t t f Sin t
T
Sin
T
t 2 0 ) 2 (
2
2
) (
2
s s
|
|
.
|

\
|
= t
t
|
We may express the MSK signal in the form
b
T t t s t s t s s s + = 0 ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1
| |
| |
b b b
T
T
T t T Cos E
dt t t s s
b
b
s s =
=
}

) 0 (
) ( ) (
1 1
u
|
| |
b b b
T
T t T Sin E
dt t t s s
b
b
2 0 ) (
) ( ) (
2
0
2 2
s s =
=
}
u
|
Signal space
diagram of MSK
system
Sequence and waveforms for MSK signal
For AWGN Channel, x(t) = s(t) + w(t)
b b
T
T
T t T w s
dt t t x x
b
b
s s + =
=
}

1 1
1 1
) ( ) ( |
The projection of the received signal x(t) onto the reference signal
) (
1
t |
is
) (
2
t |
Similarly, the projection of the received signal x(t) onto the reference signal is
b
T
T t w s
dt t t x x
b
2 0
) ( ) (
2 2
2
0
2 2
s s + =
=
}
|
2
) (
^
t
u =
b
T
2
) (
^
t
u =
b
T
If x
2
>0, the receiver chooses the estimate
. If, on the other hand, x2<0, it chooses the estimate
.
To reconstruct the original binary sequence, we
interleave the above two sets of phase
decisions,
If we have the estimates and ,
or alternatively if we have the estimates
and , the receiver makes a final decision
in favor of symbol 0.
If we have the estimates and ,

or alternatively if we have the estimates
and , the receiver makes a final
decision in favor of symbol 1.
0 ) 0 (
^
= u
2
) (
^
t
u =
b
T
0 ) 0 (
^
= u
t u = ) 0 (
^
2
) (
^
t
u =
b
T
2
) (
^
t
u =
b
T
0 ) 0 (
^
= u
2
) (
^
t
u =
b
T
MSK Receiver
T
n
b
C
4
f c
=
Tb 4
1
Tb 2
1
Tb 2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
= =
+ + =
h f or
h
or
h
h
or
h
R
f
T
f f
R
f
T
f f
b
C
b
c
b
C
b
c