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Rs.1,00,000/-
ESSENTIALS OF A P/N
In Writing Undertaking/Promise to pay Definite and unconditional Signed by the maker Certainty of the maker and payee. Certainty of amount, money only. Formalities like number, date, place, consideration, Stamp etc. Never payable to bearer on demand.
BILL OF EXCHANGE
Rs.1,00,000/Panvel, 1 August 2009
st
STAMP Three months hereafter, pay a sum of Rs.50,000/- (Rupees fifty thousands only) to, or to the order of Shri Bharat Sajjan Sheth, or to the bearer of the instrument , for value received.
To Ramanlal Vadilal Shah, Prop: Ramanlal Sweets, Sector 29, Vashi, Navi Mumbai. Sd/Keshav Kanti Patel Accepted Sd/Bharat Sajjan Sheth
CHEQUE (section 6)
A Cheque is a Bill of Exchange drawn upon a specified banker and payable on demand Sec.6 It is always drawn on (drawee is) a bank It is always payable on demand Separate acceptance is not necessary In the case of Draft, both the drawer and drawee are banks.
CHEQUE
Drawn on bank only No Acceptance needed Payable on demand No days of grace available. Delay in presentation does not exonerate the drawer Cheque can be crossed can be countermanded (Stop payment) Noting /Protesting not necessary
i) ii) iii)
iv) v) vi)
When sufficient funds are not in credit. Where the fund is held in trust Where the cheque is ambiguous or doubtful legality. When the cheque is mutilated Where the cheque is irregular or materially altered When the cheque is not duly presented
PARTIES OF INSTRUMENTS
Drawer is the maker of instrument. Drawee is the person on whom it is drawn. In the case of B/E drawee is the acceptor. Payee is the person to whom amount is payable. Drawer can be payee. Endorser is the one who endorses Endorsee is the one to whom it is endorsed Drawee in case of need.
All earlier parties are liable to him; He is protected even from an earlier defect of no-consideration Protected even from an earlier conditional delivery. Instruments are cleansed from all defects. Protected from an earlier obtainment by unlawful means or for unlawful consideration. Presumption is that every holder is holder-indue course, unless otherwise proved.
PRIVILEGES OF HOLDER-IN-DUE-COURSE
PRESENTMENT
Presentment for acceptance (B/E) Presentment for sight (P/N) Presentment for payment
No acceptance needed for Promissory Note. If the P/N payable at a certain period after sight, it should be presented for sight.
DISHONOUR NOTICE
If the drawee/acceptor fails to make payment on presentment, it is called dishonour. In case of dishonour, the payee should give notice to endorser/drawer(i.e. earlier party) written or not, but clear and unambiguous, within reasonable time (by the next day)and manner.
DISHONOUR OF CHEQUE
When a cheque is dishonoured for insufficiency of funds, the drawer is punishable with imprisonment up to two years or with a fine up to twice the amount of the cheque or both, if the following eight conditions are satisfied: i) Dishonoured for insufficiency of funds; ii) payment is for a legal liability; iii) payee is a holder-in-due-course;
DISHONOUR OF CHEQUE.
iv) presented within its validity of time; v) the payee should have given a notice demanding payment within 30 days of information of dishonour; vi) the drawer fails to pay within 15 days of such notice; vii) the payee should have made a complain within one month of cause of action.
DISHONOUR OF CHEQUE.
The holder of the cheque is presumed to be holder-in-due-course, unless otherwise proved. The drawer has no defense that he had no reason to believe that the funds are insufficient. In case of a company or firm or AOP, all the responsible persons are jointly and severally liable alongwith the company/firm/AOP unless otherwise proved.
DISCHARGE OF PARTIES
i) By Payment; ii) By Cancellation or Release (Holder
cancels/reseases the name of one party from instrument) ;
iii) If drawee is allowed more than 48 hours to accept; iv) Non-presentment of cheque; v) When cheque is paid in due course, when endorsed;
DISCHARGE OF PARTIES.
vi) Sans-recourse endorsements; vii) By operation of law : a) By order of insolvency b)By merger into judgment debt c)By lapse of time viii)By material alteration ix) By payment of altered instrument.