Introduction To 3G Networks

From: Saurabh Gupta EMS Operations-GNOC (EIL)

Standardization Bodies
UMTS= MAP C/N + W-CDMA

T1

ETSI

TTC / ARIB

TTA

CCSA

TIA

Operator Harmonization Group

CDMA2000 = IS41 C/N + CDMA-2000

What is UMTS

UMTS release 99 is an evolution of GSM A new Radio Access Network (RAN) is introduced, with an FDD mode (WCDMA) and a TDD mode (TD-CDMA) ALL the GSM rel 99 services must be supported day one Some enhancements compared to GSM rel 98 simultaneous voice/packet support QoS support for data applications Transmission savings based on codecs in Core Network increased independence between radio aspects (RAN) and service aspects (Core Network) A standardised BSC to BSC interface, and a standardised BSC to BTS interface

Mobile Systems Architecture

User Equipment Domain
USIM Domain Mobile Equipment Domain

Infrastructure Domain
Access Network Domain Core Network Domain

Circuit

Radio Access Network

Circuit

Serving Network Domain

Packet

Transit Network Domain

Packet

[Zu]
Home Network Domain

Cu

Uu

Iu

[Yu]

Network Management

Mobile Systems Architecture

2 - GSM Network Architecture
Um

BSS

NSS
MSC

BSC Abis BTS MS Ater

TRAU A PSTN

B C D

HLR /AuC

VLR

Mobile Systems Architecture

3 - From GSM to GSM/GPRS Network NSS BSS
MSC Um BSC Abis MS BTS Agprs Gr Gb Frame Relay Backbone Gb Gn SGSN Private IP Backbone GGSN Ater A TRAU C VLR PSTN

HLR /AuC

Gn Gi

PCU

External Packet Network Intranet, Internet

UTRAN Architecture 1 - UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)

Uu

Access Network = UTRAN

RNC Iub (ATM) Node B (BTS) Iu (CS & PS)

Core Network

Circuit Domain
UE Iur ATM Backbone Iu PS Iu CS

Packet Backbone Uu Iur Iub (ATM) Node B (BTS) UE Iu (CS & PS)

Packet Domain

RNC

Mobile Systems Architecture

UMTS
G-MSC PSTN PSTN PSTN PSTN MSC G E MSC VLR D F

AuC
C H Gc

Gi GGSN Gn Gp D SGSN Gb IuPS

PDN

HLR
Gr

VLR
B

Other PLMN

EIR
Gs

Gf

GPRS

GSM

IuCS Um

Iu-CS

Iu-PS

Iur RNC Uu Iub Iub RNC Iub Iub

Um BSC

BSC Abis Abis

Abis

Abis

BTS

Node B

Node B

BTS

Mobile Systems Architecture

UTRAN
Uu TRAU RNC Iub (ATM) Node B (BTS) UE ATM Uu Iur Iub (ATM) Node B (BTS) UE RNC Iu (CS & PS) Iu PS 3G-SGSN 3G-GGSN ATM Backbone Gr Internet Gn Intranets Iu (CS & PS)

Core Network
Circuit Domain
MSC G-MSC PSTN Iu CS B C VLR D

Iur

HLR /AuC

EIR

Packet Domain

Mobile Systems Architecture

UTRAN
Uu RNC Iub (ATM) Node B (BTS) UE ATM Uu Iur Iub (ATM) Node B (BTS) UE RNC Iu (CS & PS) Gr Iu PS Gn ATM Backbone Iu (CS & PS) Iu CS

Core Network
Circuit Domain
Media Gateway Mc MSC server Nc G-MSC server

B Iur Gs D VLR C

Mc PSTN Media Gateway

EIR

HLR /AuC
Gc Internet

SGSN Packet Domain

GGSN

Intranets

UTRAN Architecture 2 - Node B or BTS (Base Transceiver Station)

Downlink Uu interface Upnlink UE

Encoding Modulation Amplification

Demodulation Decoding Iub (ATM)

Node B (BTS)

RNC

Main Node B functions: Call Processing Radio access Performance Monitoring Network interface Random Access detection

Generic Functions
Call Processing Synchronization

Cell management Power control

Management of common channels

Management of dedicated channels

Measurement processing Softer Handover

Network Interface

Radio Access Functions

Radio Access and Modem
DD DD DD D D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 D D DD DD DD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Coding Q

Interleaving

01 QPSK 00
Modulation

11

00 2 10 4

00 2 10 4 01 7 11 3

01 7 11 3

10

Demodulation

QPSK = Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

OA&M Functions
Operation and Maintenance
Out of order Power supply

Alarm management
Loss of signal Temperature

Out of memory

In service

Threshold crossed Cooling

Performance Monitoring

Configuration and Supervision

Radio Traffic Protocol Layers

Serving RNC

RLC MAC
Level 1 Transport Sub Layer Radio Waves Physical Sub Layer

RLC MAC

Physical Layer

Physical Channels

Iub Traffic
Iub
Node B RNC

Control Plane
NB AP
General Signaling QoS Management Resource Management Call Management (establishment)

User Plane = Radio Traffic

Frame Protocols Dedicated Traffic Dedicated Signaling

OA& M
Alarms Configuration

ALCA P
AAL5 / ATM

Common Traffic
Control AAL2 / ATM

AAL5 / ATM

AAL5 / ATM

Same Physical Layer: STM-1 & E1

Control Plane: the Protocols

NBAP RRC Service Specific Layers RLC MAC PHY User Equipment Uu interface AAL5 ATM PHY Node B

NBAP

RNSAP

RANAP

SCCP MTP3-B Service Specific Layers AAL5 ATM PHY RNC Iub interface

Control Plane: Node B Application Part

NBAP(c&d)
Node B (BTS) RNC

NBAP Functions Cell configuration Management System Information Management Resource Event Management Measurements on Common Resources Radio Link Management Radio link supervision Measurements on dedicated resources

UTRAN Architecture
(UTRAN)
Uu

Access Network = UTRAN

RNC Iub (ATM) Node B (BTS) Iu (CS & PS)

Core Network

Circuit Domain
UE Iur ATM Backbone Iu PS Iu CS

Packet Backbone Uu Iur Iub (ATM) Node B (BTS) UE Iu (CS & PS)

Packet Domain

RNC

UTRAN Architecture
3 - RNC (Radio Network Controller)
RNS
Node B (BTS)
Iub ( ATM )

RNC
Iu interface ATM Backbone

Core Network

Iur interface Node B (BTS) ATM Backbone

Iur Node B (BTS)

RNC

Main RNC functions: Radio Resource Management User Mobility Handling RNS Supervision Interfaces

UMTS Global Architecture

Access User Services

Circuit Domain

Terminal Equipment

Terminal Adaptation Function

Mobile Termination

Access Network Core Network

Packet Domain Node B RNC

User Equipment

Infrastructure Domain

What Does the RNC Perform?

Main RNC Functions: Call establishment: Set-up Re-establish Release Call sustaining: Power Control Handover Radio Supervision UTRAN OA&M

Core Network
Iu interface Serving RNC Iub interface Drift RNC Iub interface

Iur interface

Node B

Node B

Node B

Node B

Node B

Node B

UE

What Does the RNC Perform?

Radio Resource Management (RRM) Radio Connection Mobility handovers, power control, streamlining

Radio Access Bearer (RAB)

QoS Parameters

Terrestrial Resource Management

Core Network RNS Node B Node B

Core Network

iRNC Node B Node B

What Does the RNC Perform?

3 - Security and LoCation Services (LCS) Functions
Security Functions
`dwbxh vce i vce tpfug

LoCation Services (LCS)

What Does the RNC Perform?

Packet switching Connectivity
Iur
E1 (PCM) IP/Ethernet OC-3 STM-1

Packet Distribution Iub

Iu

UE

Node B (BTS) Uu

Interfaces Iur => R(NC) Iub => (Node) B Iu => Core Network

RNC Iub/Iur

Iu

MSC/VLR

SGSN

AAL (n) ATM WCDMA physical Layer

AAL (n) ATM

AAL (n) ATM Physical Layer (PDH or SDH)

AAL (n) ATM

What Does the RNC Perform?

OA&M Functions
RNC OA&M
Data + Software

Node B Logical OA&M

Traffic Functions

Node B (iBTS)

What Does the RNC Perform?

Iub AAL5 Control plane Internal Cplane Iur Iu Control CS Control plane plane Internal C- PS C/User plane Plane Internal Cplane User plane CS User Circuit Domain Iu CS plane
Core Network
Iu PS Iur

Uu

AAL2
Node B (BTS) UE

User plane
Iub RNC

Packet Domain

RNC

Core Network Architecture

Radio Access Network

Core Network Circuit Domain

3G MSC
64 K TDM IuCS

G-MSC
PSTN

TRAU
B F C D

VLR
ATM Backbone

EIR
Gf Gr

HLR /AuC 3G-GGSN

Gn

IWF

IuPS

Internet Gi

3G-SGSN

Gn

IP Backbone

Intranet

Packet Domain

Core Network Architecture

2 - TRAU (Transcoder and Rate Adaptation Unit) Main TRAU function:
to change the speech coding Scheme AMR ISDN Vocoder AMR AMR
TRAU
RNC
AMR 64 kb/s

3G MSC

Iu CS Over ATM 12.2 kbit/s (GSM EFR) 10.2 kbit/s 7.95 kbit/s 7.40 kbit/s (IS-136) 6.70 kbit/s (PDC EFR) 5.90 kbit/s 5.15 kbit/s 4.75 kbit/s

Iu CS Over PCM Links 64 kbit/s

Core Network Architecture

3 - 3G Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
3G MSC
PSTN Iu CS

TRAU
C Access Network D

HLR /AuC

VLR

Main MSC functions: Switching Call Setup Call Ticketing Interfaces

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

The VLR stores all subscriber information required for call handling and other purposes for UE within its area 3G MSC

VLR
IMSI MSISDN MSRN TMSI LMSI Location area SGSN address Last UE location Initial UE location

PSTN B

HLR /AuC

Core Network Architecture

5 - Home Location Register (HLR) Authentication Center (AuC)
3G MSC 3G-SGSN
Gr

HLR
IMSI MSISDN PDP address LMU
C

Main HLR functions: Handling of permanent subscriber data Handling of temporary subscriber data Dialogue with AuC database

Gc

D VLR

3G-GGSN
AuC

Main AuC functions: Storage of secret subscriber keys and security algorithms Generation of security information

Core Network Architecture

6 - 3G SGSN
Gr RNC Iu PS

HLR /AuC

3G-SGSN
Gn

3G-GGSN

Main SGSN functions: Packet Mobility Management Session Management Passing user traffic between RNC and 3G-GGSN

Core Network Architecture

7 - 3G GGSN
HLR /AuC
Gc

3G-SGSN
Gn Gi

Internet

Intranet

3G-GGSN

Main GGSN functions: Accounting Tunneling towards SGSN Tunneling towards external networks

User Equipment
1 - Generic Architecture
Maximum Tx Power: Mobile Equipment 33 dBm = 2 W 27 dBm = 0.5 W 24 dBm = 0.25 W Mobile Termination 21 dBm = 0.125 W

User Equipment

Radio Transmission

Cu
USIM Terminal Equipment

End to End Application

User Equipment
USIM Card
MCC 3 digits MNC 2 or 3 digits Not more than 15 digits

Global UMTS Mobility Card

The Smart Card to use

MSIN

UMTS or

IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber Identity

USIM-Card

TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (4 octets)

VLR Allocated by the VLR

P-TMSI: Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (3 octets)

3G-SGSN
Allocated by the 3G-SGSN

Network Management
Clients

OA&M Server

IP Backbone

UMTS Network

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

1 - The 3 Layers and the 3 Planes
Management plane Control plane Higher layers User plane Higher layers OSI Model Data Link Layer Physical Layer

ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) ATM layer Physical layer

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

ATM Services Classes Timing Bit Rate Connection mode Constant Connection oriented Connection-less

2 - The 4 Adaptation Layers

AAL-1 Required Variable AAL-2 AAL-3/4 Not Required AAL-5

Iub and Iur to transport user traffic; Iu CS to transport user speech.

Iu for user data; Iub, Iur and Iu for signaling.

CBR (Constant Bit Rate) Services VBR (Variable Bit Rate) ABR (Available Bit Rate)

IP (Internet Protocol)
IP is:

1 - IP and TCP Protocols

A suite of protocols Rules for sending and receiving data across

Networks Addressing Management and verification

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

TCP

Application Transport Internet Network Interface & Hardware

IP

OSI layers 1 & 2 are not defined in Internet Model OSI Layer 5 & 6 are not used either

Core Network Architecture UMTS Release 99 Core Network

Radio Access Network

Core Network Circuit Domain

3G MSC
64 K TDM

G-MSC
PSTN

Iu CS

C B

IWF
D

VLR
ATM Backbone Gr

HLR /AuC 3G-GGSN

Iu PS Gn IP Backbone Gn

EIR

Gi

Internet

3G-SGSN
Intranet

Packet Domain

UMTS Protocols
CM MM SM GMM Non Access Stratum Access Stratum
R R C R R C A M R RLC MAC PHY I P R R C A M R RLC MAC PHY I P A M R RLC MAC FP AAL2 ATM PHY NBAP AAL5 ATM PHY NBAP AAL5 ATM PHY I P R R C A M R RLC MAC FP AAL2 ATM PHY I P
ce rfa nte i Iur Iu-ps/cs

Control Plane User Plane

CM MM

SM GMM

RNSAP

RNC

RNSAP
RANAP

A IP SCCP M GTP UDP MTP3 R IP AAL2/5 ATM PHY

Iu-cs Iu-ps

RANAP GTP SCCP M UDP

IP A

IP R MTP3 AAL2/5 ATM PHY

User Equipment Uu interface

Node B Iub interface

RNC

Core Network Iu interface

Walsh Codes

64 Sequences, each 64 chips long

A chip is a binary digit (0 or 1)

WALSH CODES
# 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 ---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence -----------------------------------------0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101 0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011 0110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110 0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111 0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010 0011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100 0110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001 0000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111 0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010 0011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100 0110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001 0000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000 0101101010100101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101 0011110011000011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011 0110100110010110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110 0000000000000000111111111111111100000000000000001111111111111111 0101010101010101101010101010101001010101010101011010101010101010 0011001100110011110011001100110000110011001100111100110011001100 0110011001100110100110011001100101100110011001101001100110011001 0000111100001111111100001111000000001111000011111111000011110000 0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101 0011110000111100110000111100001100111100001111001100001111000011 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110 0000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111100000000 0101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101001010101 0011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110000110011 0110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100101100110 0000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000000001111 0101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010101011010 0011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001100111100 0110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001 0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111 0101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010 0011001100110011001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100 0110011001100110011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001 0000111100001111000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000 0101101001011010010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101 0011110000111100001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011 0110100101101001011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110 0000000011111111000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000 0101010110101010010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101 0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011 0110011010011001011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111 0101101010100101010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010 0011110011000011001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100 0110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001 0000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111110000000000000000 0101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010100101010101010101 0011001100110011110011001100110011001100110011000011001100110011 0110011001100110100110011001100110011001100110010110011001100110 0000111100001111111100001111000011110000111100000000111100001111 0101101001011010101001011010010110100101101001010101101001011010 0011110000111100110000111100001111000011110000110011110000111100 0110100101101001100101101001011010010110100101100110100101101001 0000000011111111111111110000000011111111000000000000000011111111 0101010110101010101010100101010110101010010101010101010110101010 0011001111001100110011000011001111001100001100110011001111001100 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001 0000111111110000111100000000111111110000000011110000111111110000 0101101010100101101001010101101010100101010110100101101010100101 0011110011000011110000110011110011000011001111000011110011000011 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110

Each Walsh Code is Orthogonal to all other Walsh Codes

This means that it is possible to recognize and therefore extract a particular Walsh code from a mixture of other Walsh codes which are filtered out in the process Two same-length binary strings are orthogonal if the result of XORing them has the same number of 0s as

Summary of Characteristics & Functions

Each CDMA spreading sequence is used for a specific purpose on the forward link and a different purpose on the reverse link. The sequences are used to Link code Type of How Forward form Reverse Link Sequence Function channels for Many in Function users both directions.
Walsh Codes 64 User identity within cells signal

Orthogonal Modulation (information carrier) Quadrature Spreading (Zero offset) Distinguish users

Short PN Sequences Long PN Sequences

Distinguish Cells & Sectors Data Scrambling to avoid strings of 1s or 0s

RAKE Receiver
T1 Integrate and dump L1 Received Signal Integrate and dump L2 Integrate and dump L3 Code i Soft Bit

T2

Y(y)

T3

Y(y) = L1*x(t-T1) + L2*x(t-T2) + L3*x(t-T3)...

Applications and Services 1 - Mobile Multimedia Services

Video clips Videoconferencing e-ticketing

Travel assistance Telebanking FAX

E-commerce

Mobile worker

Postcards/ snapshot Interactive gaming Sport

Micro-billing shopping

Remote surveillance

Applications and Services 2 - Mobile Services Evolution 1G GSM Ph 2+ GPRS UMTS

Streaming Video Location Based Services Internet/Intranet

Conversational Voice and Video

Multimedia Messages MMS Short Messages SMS Conversational Voice

Questions

1. 1.

What is aaNode B? What is Node B? What is the equivalent of the BSC/PCU in UMTS? What is its function? What is the equivalent of the BSC/PCU in UMTS? What is its function? What are the specific UMTS interfaces? What are the specific UMTS interfaces? Which one has no equivalent in GSM/GPRS? What is its main function? Which one has no equivalent in GSM/GPRS? What is its main function? In which part of the the UMTS network is the TRAU functionality located? In which part of the the UMTS network is the TRAU functionality located? What is the transportation protocol used on Iub, Iur, Iu? What is the transportation protocol used on Iub, Iur, Iu?

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5. 6. 6.