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Input Devices

devices which can transmit input to the graphic system. These include:
Keyboard Mouse Joystick Trackball Data glove Digitizers Light Pen

Keyboard
The keyboard is the most common input device for entering numeric and alphabetic data in to a computer system by pressing a set of keys which are mounted on the keyboard, which is connected to computer system. The keys on computer keyboards are often classified as follows: Alphanumeric Keys - letters and numbers. Punctuation Keys - comma, period, semicolon, and so on. Special Keys - function keys, control keys, arrow keys, Caps Lock key, and so on.

Inside the Keyboard


Keyboard has its own processor and circuitry that carries information to and from that processor. A large part of this circuitry makes up the key matrix. The key matrix is a grid of circuits underneath the keys. In all keyboards, each circuit is broken at a point below each key. When you press a key, it presses a switch, completing the circuit and allowing a tiny amount of current to flow through. The mechanical action of the switch causes some vibration, called bounce, which the processor filters out.

When the processor finds a circuit that is closed, it compares the location of that circuit on the key matrix to the character map in its ROM. It tells the processor the position of each key in the matrix and what each keystroke or combination of keystrokes represents. A computer can also use separate character maps, overriding the one found in the keyboard.

Keyboard Switches
Keyboards use a variety of switch technologies Capacitive switches are considered to be nonmechanical because current constantly flows through all parts of the key matrix. Each key is spring-loaded and has a tiny plate attached to the bottom of it. When you press a key, it moves this plate closer to the plate below it. As the two plates move closer together, the amount of current flowing through the matrix changes. The processor detects the change and interprets it as a key press for that location.

Capacitive switch keyboards are expensive, but they have a longer life than any other keyboard. Also, they do not have problems with bounce since the two surfaces never come into actual contact. Other types of switches used in keyboards are mechanical in nature. Each provides a different level of audible and tactile response -- the sounds and sensations that typing creates. Mechanical key switches include: Rubber dome Membrane Metal contact Foam element

Rubber dome switches are very common. They use small, flexible rubber domes, each with a hard carbon center. When you press a key, a plunger on the bottom of the key pushes down against the dome, and the carbon center presses against a hard, flat surface beneath the key matrix. As long as the key is held, the carbon center completes the circuit.

When the key is released, the rubber dome springs back to its original shape, forcing the key back up to its at-rest position. Rubber dome switch keyboards are inexpensive, have pretty good tactile response and are fairly resistant to spills and corrosion because of the rubber layer covering the key matrix.

membrane keyboards use a continuous membrane that stretches from one end to another. A pattern printed in the membrane completes the circuit when you press a key. Membrane keyboards don't have good tactile response, and without additional mechanical components they don't make the clicking sound that some people like to hear when they're typing. They're generally inexpensive to make.

Metal contact and foam element keyboards are increasingly less common. Metal contact switches simply have a spring-loaded key with a strip of metal on the bottom of the plunger. When the key is pressed, the metal strip connects the two parts of the circuit. The foam element switch is basically the same design but with a small piece of spongy foam between the bottom of the plunger and the metal strip, providing a better tactile response. Both technologies have good tactile response, make satisfyingly audible "clicks," and are inexpensive to produce.

Ergonomic Keyboards
Egronomic Keyboards are designed
With the objective of hand fatigue & repititive stress injuries. To help the users hand stay positioned correctly reducing bending & strain.

Das Keyboard is a completely black keyboard with weighted keys that require more pressure from a person's strongest fingers and less pressure from the weaker ones. The Virtual Laser Keyboard projects a representation of a keyboard onto a flat surface. When used successfully, a person's fingers pass through the beam of infrared light above the projected surface, and a sensor interprets it as a keystroke. The True-touch Roll-up keyboard is flexible and can be rolled up to fit in a backpack or bag.

lluminated keyboards, use light-emitting diodes or electroluminescent film to send light through the keys or the spaces between keys.

The Optimus keyboard has organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) in the keys. Users can change what letter, command or action each key represents, and the OLED can change to display the new information.

Many keyboards connect to the computer through a cable with a PS/2 or USB (Universal Serial Bus) connector. Laptops use internal connectors. Regardless of which type of connector is used, the cable must carry power to the keyboard, and it must carry signals from the keyboard back to the computer.

Wireless keyboards connect to the computer through infrared (IR), radio frequency (RF) or Bluetooth connections. Wireless keyboards require a receiver, either built in or plugged in to the USB port, to communicate with the computer. Wireless keyboards have an AC power connection or use batteries for power.

Whether it's through a cable or wireless, the signal from the keyboard is monitored by the computer's keyboard controller. When the operating system (OS) is notified that there is data from the keyboard, it checks to see if the keyboard data is a system level command.

Mouse
Mouse is a device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display screen. The main goal of any mouse is to translate the motion of your hand into signals that the computer can use.

A ball inside the mouse touches the desktop and rolls when the mouse moves. Two rollers inside the mouse touch the ball. One of the rollers is oriented so that it detects motion in the X direction, and the other is oriented 90 degrees to the first roller so it detects motion in the Y direction. When the ball rotates, one or both of these rollers rotate as well.

The rollers each connect to a shaft, and the shaft spins a disk with holes in it. When a roller rolls, its shaft and disk spin. On either side of the disk there is an infrared LED and an infrared sensor. The holes in the disk break the beam of light coming from the LED so that the infrared sensor sees pulses of light. The rate of the pulsing is directly related to the speed of the mouse and the distance it travels.

An on-board processor chip reads the pulses from the infrared sensors and turns them into binary data that the computer can understand. The chip sends the binary data to the computer through the mouse's cord.

Connecting Mouse to Computer


Most mice on the market today use a USB connector to attach to your computer. Some older mice, many of which are still in use today, have a PS/2 type connector.

Optical Mouse
Optical Mouse uses red LED and CMOS sensor technology to detect the movements. The CMOS sensor sends each image to a digital signal processor (DSP) for analysis. The DSP detects patterns in the images and examines how the patterns have moved since the previous image. Based on the change in patterns over a sequence of images, the DSP determines how far the mouse has moved and sends the corresponding coordinates to the computer. The computer moves the cursor on the screen based on the coordinates received from the mouse. This happens hundreds of times each second, making the cursor appear to move very smoothly.

Optical mice have several benefits over trackball mice:


No moving parts means less wear and a lower chance of failure. There's no way for dirt to get inside the mouse and interfere with the tracking sensors. Increased tracking resolution means a smoother response. They don't require a special surface, such as a mouse pad.

Laser Mouse
Laser mouse is another type of mouse that makes use of an infra red laser instead of LED to light the surface under it. Helps in increasing the image resolution and thus can point more accurately and at a much faster rate. This type of mouse also has power usage that allows it to be more efficient than the other mouse types.

Trackball
A trackball is a pointing device consisting of a ball housed in a socket containing sensors to detect rotation of the ball about two axes-like an upside-down mouse with an exposed protruding ball. Potentiometers, attached to the ball, measure the amount and direction of rotation.

Trackballs are often mounted on keyboards or other devices such as mouse.

Spaceball
Spaceball does not actually move. Strain guages measure the amount of pressure applied to the spaceball to proide input for spatial positioning and orientation as the ball is pushed or pulled in various directions. Spaceballs are used in three diamensional positioning and selection operations in virtual reality systems, modeling, animation, CAD, and other applications.

Joystick
The basic idea of a joystick is to translate the movement of a plastic stick into electronic information a computer can process. Joysticks are used in all kinds of machines, including F15 Fighter jets, and wheelchairs.

The working of Joystick is totally based on the potentiometers attached to it. The movement of stick in any direction from centre position corresponds to the movement of cursor on screen in the same direction. The amount of movement is measured by the potentiometers and the springs return the stick to the position. A small movement of stick moves a lot , the cursor on the screen because the movement of it is amplified approximately 5 to 10 times in the movement of the cursor. Joysticks are more used for games and are less used for graphics.

In another type of movable joystick, the stick is used to activate switches that cause the screen cursor to move at a constant rate in the direction selected. Eight switches are provided so that the stick can select any one of the eight directions for cursor movement.

Pressure sensitive joysticks, also called isometric joysticks, have a non movable stick. Pressure on the on the stick is measured with strain gauges and converted to movement of the cursor in the direction specified.

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