= are SODIUM or POTASSIUM SALTS of long-chained fatty acids RCOONa or RCOOK *where R is: - An alkyl group usually containing

12 or 18 carbon atoms -can be saturated or unsaturated

At past, soap was made by mixing animal fats with alkaline wood ashes

1791, Nicholas Leblanc patented a process for making soda ashes or sodium carbonate from common salt Ten years later, Ernest Solvay developed a process to further reduce the cost of obtaining soda ash

Soap can be made from animal fats and vegetable oils

Animal fats that are commonly used are fats from cows and goats

Vegetable oils that are commonly used are palm oils, olive oils and coconut oils

Potassium soaps are softer and milder than sodium soaps and are usually used for bathing

SAPONIFICATION involves boiling fats or oils with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution or concentrated potassium hydroxide solution to produce glycerol and the salts of fatty acids which are the soap

They are prepared by hydrolysing fats or oils under alkaline condition; which is called saponification

DETERGENTS

Detergents are made using two steps. Which are Formation of organic acid and Neutralisation

Any cleaning agents that are not soaps are detergents

They are usually sodium salts of sulphonic acid

Usually made from synthetic resources such as petroleum fractions

Developed during Second World War due to shortage of animal fats and vegetable oils

HOW DOES SOAPS AND DETERGENTS WORK??

When a soap or detergents are added into water, it reduces the surface tension of the water. This increase the wetting ability of water. So, the surface of water is wetted throughly

The hydrophobic part of the soap or detergent anion is soluble in grease while the hydrophilic part is soluble in water.

Medical agitation during scrubbing helps to pull the grease free and also break the grease into small droplets

The droplets do not coagulate and redeposit on the surface of the cloth due to the repulsion between the negative charges on their surface. These droplets are suspended in water, forming an emulsion.Rinsing washes away these droplets and leaves the surface clean

ADDITIVE

EXAMPLE

FUNCTION

BIOLOGICAL ENZYME
WHITENING AGENT OPTICAL WHITENER BUILDER

Amylases, proteases, cellulases and lipases

Sodium perborate Fluorescent dyes Sodium tripolyphosphate

To remove protein stain such as blood

To convert stains into colourless substances To add brightness and whiteness to white fabrics To enhance the whitening efficiency of a detergent by softening the water To prevent the dirt particles removed from redepositing into cleaned fabrics To add to the bulk of the detergent and enable it to be poured easily

SUSPENSION AGENT

Carboxylmethylcellulose

FILTER

Sodium sulphate, sodium silicate

FOAM CONTROL AGENT

FRAGRANCE

Silicones
-

To control foaming in a detergent

To add fragrance to both the detergent and the fabrics

Detergents?

Soaps?

CLEANING AGENT
EFFERCTIVENESS

SOAP
Soaps are effective cleaners in soft water

DETERGENT
Detergents are effective cleaners in both hard and soft water

FORMATION OF SCUM SOURCES

Soaps form scum in Detergents do not hard water form scum in hard water Made from natural resources (animal fats or vegetable oils) Form precipitate in acidic water They are biodegradable & dont cause any pollution Made from synthetic resources such as petroleum fractions Do not form precipitate in acidic water Non-biodegradable detergents give thick foams that kill aquatic lives

FORMATION OF PRECIPITATE EFFECT ON THE ENVIROMENT