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Lecture 2
2 Main Types
1. Pulse Amplitude Modulation 2. Pulse Time Modulation a. Width Modulation b. Position Modulation (PAM) (PTM) (PWM) (PPM)
Advantages
1. Multiplexing of signal is possible. 2. As the information is not continuous, chances of
distortion is minimum.
3. Power saving.
AND
PAM
TRANSMIT
AND GATE
MODULATOR
PWM
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Generation of PWM
1. Input message and carrier frequency of saw tooth type is fed to comparator.
2.
3.
The rising edge of PWM is coincides with falling edge of Saw tooth waveform.
4.
When S/T I/P is at low potential which should be always higher than I/P signal, O/P of comparator will be +ve.
5.
When S/T signal rises with a fixed slope, crosses I/P signal value, hence O/P turns to ve.
6.
The width of pulse depends on I/P signal magnitude i.e. +ve ON time of comparator.
S.S.I.T.M, Bhilai, INDIA. 10
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Generation of PPM
PWM I/P
INVERTER
DIFFERENTIATOR
PPM O/P
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Generation of PPM
1. 2. The method shown is known as Direct Method. Inverter reverses the polarity.
3.
4. 5.
6.
7.
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3.
4.
Differentiator
Pulse Gen.
OpAmp + RC components
IC74121, IC555
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