TOPIC 6

JOB ORDER COSTING

LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Explain methods of costing. Define Job Order Costing. Elaborate the characteristics of Job Order Costing. Explain costs accumulation procedures. Determine productions price

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METHODS OF COSTING
SPECIFIC ORDER COSTING
This is a method applying for a certain specific order. The CIMA defines the method as the category of basic costing methods applicable where work consists of separate contracts, jobs or batches, each of which is authorized by a special order or contract.
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CONTINUOUS OPERATION COSTING

Repetitive or continuous operation. The CIMA define the method as the category of basic costing methods applicable where standardised goods or services result from a sequence of repetitive and more or less continuous operations or processes to which costs are charged before being average over the units produced during the period.
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CONTINUOUS OPERATION COSTING

PROCESS COSTING
This costing method is used in industries where manufacturing is done continuously. It is difficult to trace the costs to specific units. The total cost is the average of the number of units manufactured. The units of output are more or less uniform.
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SERVICE COSTING
This is used where standardised services are provided.

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SPECIFIC ORDER COSTING

JOB ORDER COSTING
This method is used when work is done according to customers order. Each job is often of a short duration.

BATCH COSTING
Used to determine the cost of a group of identical or similar products. The batch consisting of similar products refers to the unit and not the single item within the batch.

CONTRACT COSTING
This method is similar to job costing except that the cost unit is large and work is of a longer duration. The work carried out is of a constructional nature.
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Types of Costing Systems Used to Determine Product Costs Process Costing

Topic 7 Many different products are produced each period. Products are manufactured to order. Costs are traced or allocated to jobs. Cost records must be maintained for each distinct product or job.
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Job-order Costing

Job Order Costing System

Process Costing Job-order Costing

Typical job order cost applications: Special-order printing Building construction Boats construction

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Process Cost System

Company produces many units of a single product for long periods Examples: orange juice concentrate, paper, mixing and bottling beverages, gasoline. Costs are accumulated by each department or operation in the process Total costs are divided by the number of units produced to get unit product cost
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Quick Check
Which of the following companies would be likely to use job-order costing rather than process costing? a. Scott Paper Company for Kleenex. b. Architects. c. Heinz for ketchup. d. Caterer for a wedding reception. e. Builder of commercial fishing vessels.

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Job-Order Costing
Manufacturing overhead (OH) Direct material Applied to each job using a predetermined rate

The Job
Direct labor
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Sequence of Events in a JobOrder Costing System

Direct Materials

Job No. 1
Direct Labor Job No. 2 Job No. 3

Manufacturing Overhead

Charge direct material and direct labor costs to each job as work is performed.

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Sequence of Events in a JobOrder Costing System

Direct Materials

Job No. 1
Direct Labor Job No. 2 Job No. 3

Manufacturing Overhead

Apply overhead to each job using a predetermined rate.

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Job-Order Cost Accounting

The primary document for tracking the costs associated with a given job is the job cost sheet.

Lets investigate
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Job-Order Cost Accounting

PearCo Job Cost Sheet
Job Number A - 143 Department B3 Item Wooden cargo crate Direct Materials Req. No. Amount Date Initiated 3-4-01 Date Completed Units Completed

Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead Ticket Hours Amount Hours Rate Amount

Cost Summary Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead Total Cost Unit Product Cost
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Units Shipped Date Number Balance

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Job-Order Cost Accounting

PearCo Job Cost Sheet
Job Number A - 143 Department B3 Item Wooden cargo crate Direct Materials Req. No. Amount Date Initiated 3-4-01 Date Completed Units Completed

A materials requisition form Manufacturingto is used Overhead Direct Labor Ticket Hours Amount Hours authorize the Rate of use Amount materials on a job.
Lets see one
Units Shipped Date Number Balance

Cost Summary Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead Total Cost Unit Product Cost
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Materials Requisition Form

Will E. Delite
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Materials Requisition Form

Cost of material is charged to job A-143.

Type, quantity, and total cost of material charged to job A-143.

Will E. Delite
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Job-Order Cost Accounting

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Job-Order Cost Accounting

Workers use time tickets to record the time spent on each job.
Lets see one

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Employee Time Ticket

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Job-Order Cost Accounting

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Job-Order Cost Accounting

Apply manufacturing overhead to jobs using a predetermined overhead rate of $4 per direct labor hour (DLH). Lets do it
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Job-Order Cost Accounting

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Application of Manufacturing Overhead

The predetermined overhead rate (POAR) used to apply overhead to jobs is determined before the period begins.
POAR =
Estimated total manufacturing overhead cost for the coming period Estimated total units in the allocation base for the coming period

Ideally, the allocation base is a cost driver that causes overhead.

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Application of Manufacturing Overhead

Based on estimates, and determined before the period begins.

Overhead applied = POAR Actual activity

Actual amount of the allocation base such as units produced, direct labor hours, or machine hours incurred during the period.
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Application of Manufacturing Overhead

Overhead applied = POAR Actual activity

Recall the wooden crate example where:

Overhead applied = $4 per DLH 8 DLH = $32
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The Need for a Predetermined Manufacturing Overhead Rate

Using a predetermined rate makes it possible to estimate total job costs sooner.

Actual overhead for the period is not known until the end of the period.
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Overhead Application Example

PearCo applies overhead based on direct labor hours. Total estimated overhead for the year is $640,000. Total estimated labor cost is $1,400,000 and total estimated labor hours are 160,000. What is Pear Co.s predetermined overhead rate per hour?

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Overhead Application Example

POAR =
Estimated total manufacturing overhead cost for the coming period

Estimated total units in the allocation base for the coming period
$640,000

POAR =

160,000 direct labor hours (DLH)

POAR = $4.00 per DLH

For each direct labor hour worked on a job, $4.00 of factory overhead will be applied to the job.
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Overhead Application Example

What amount of overhead will PearCo apply to Job X-32?

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Overhead Application Example

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Quick Check
Job WR53 at NW Fab, Inc. required $200 of direct materials and 10 direct labor hours at $15 per hour. Estimated total overhead for the year was $760,000 and estimated direct labor hours were 20,000. What would be recorded as the cost of job WR53? a. $200. Pred. ovhd. rate $760,000/20,000hours $38 b. $350. Direct materials $200 Direct labor $15 x 10 hours $150 c. $380. Manufacturing overhead $38 x 10 hours $380 Total cost $730 d. $730.
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Quick Check
Job WR53 at NW Fab, Inc. required $200 of direct materials and 10 direct labor hours at $15 per hour. Estimated total overhead for the year was $760,000 and estimated direct labor hours were 19,000. What would be recorded as the cost of job WR53? a. $200. Pred. ovhd. rate $760,000/19,000hours $40 b. $350. Direct materials $200 Direct labor $15 x 10 hours $150 c. $750. Manufacturing overhead $40 x 10 hours $400 d. $730. Total cost $750
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Allocation Base
A Cost Driver is a factor that directly causes overhead costs to be incurred The Cost Driver must be common to all company products and services Cost Drivers include machine-hours, direct labor, computer time, direct material cost, etc. Selection of an appropriate Cost Driver is essential to proper overhead allocation
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Job-Order Costing Document Flow Summary

Lets summarize the document flow in a job-order costing system.

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Job-Order Costing Document Flow Summary

Materials used may be either direct or indirect. Direct materials Job Cost Sheets

Materials Requisition Indirect materials Manufacturing Overhead Account

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Job-Order Costing Document Flow Summary

An employees time may be either direct or indirect. Direct Labor Job Cost Sheets

Employee Time Ticket Indirect Labor Manufacturing Overhead Account

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Job-Order Costing Document Flow Summary

Employee Time Ticket Indirect Labor

Other Actual OH Charges

Manufacturing Applied Overhead Overhead Account

Job Cost Sheets

Materials Requisition
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Indirect Material
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Job-Order System Cost Flows

Lets examine the cost flows in a job-order costing system..

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Job-Order System Cost Flows

Raw Materials
Material Direct Purchases Materials Indirect Materials

Work in Process (Job Cost Sheet)

Direct Materials

Mfg. Overhead
Actual Applied Indirect Materials

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Job-Order System Cost Flows

Salaries and Wages Payable
Direct Labor Indirect Labor

Work in Process (Job Cost Sheet)

Direct Materials Direct Labor Overhead Applied

Mfg. Overhead
Actual Applied Indirect Overhead Materials Applied to Work in Indirect Process Labor, McGraw-Hill/Irwin All Other

If actual and applied manufacturing overhead are not equal, a year-end adjustment is required.
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Job-Order System Cost Flows

Work in Process (Job Cost Sheet)
Direct Materials Direct Labor Overhead Applied

Finished Goods
Cost of Goods Mfd.

Cost of Goods Mfd.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of Goods Sold

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Job-Order System Cost Flows

Lets return to PearCo and see what we will do if actual and applied overhead are not equal.

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Overhead Application Example

PearCos actual overhead for the year was $650,000 for a total of 170,000 direct labor hours. PearCo has overapplied How much total overhead was applied to PearCos overhead for the year jobs during the year? Use PearCos by $30,000. What will predetermined overhead rate of $4.00 per direct PearCo do? labor hour.

SOLUTION
Applied Overhead = POAR Actual Direct Labor Hours Applied Overhead = $4.00 per DLH 170,000 DLH = $680,000
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Overapplied and Underapplied Manufacturing Overhead

PearCos Method $30,000 may be allocated to these accounts. $30,000 may be closed directly to cost of goods sold.

OR
Work in Process Finished Goods Cost of Goods Sold
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Cost of Goods Sold

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Overapplied and Underapplied Manufacturing Overhead

PearCos Cost of Goods Sold

Unadjusted Balance $30,000 Adjusted Balance
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PearCos Mfg. Overhead

Actual Overhead overhead Applied costs to jobs

$650,000
$30,000

$680,000
$30,000 overapplied

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Quick Check
What effect will the adjustment of overapplied overhead have on Pear Cos cost of goods sold? a. Cost of goods sold will increase. b. Cost of goods sold will be unaffected. c. Cost of goods sold will decrease.

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Quick Check
What effect will the overapplied overhead have on PearCos net operating income? a. Net operating income will increase. b. Net operating income will be unaffected. c. Net operating income will decrease.

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If Over/Under significant, Allocate Between Accounts

Determine the amount of overhead applied to WIP, Finished Goods and COGS Calculate the % of total Overhead applied to each account Multiply the Over/Under amount times the %s and allocate to each account See example on page 115

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Quick Check
Tiger, Inc. had actual manufacturing overhead costs of $1,210,000 and a predetermined overhead rate of $4.00 per machine hour. Tiger, Inc. worked 290,000 machine hours during the period. Tigers manufacturing overhead is
Overhead Applied a. $50,000 overapplied. $4.00 per hour 290,000 hours = $1,160,000 b. $50,000 underapplied. Underapplied Overhead $1,210,000 - $1,160,000 d. $60,000 underapplied. = $50,000

c. $60,000 overapplied.

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End of Chapter 7

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