By R.

MURUGAN

CYCLE EFFICIENCY
The modified rankine cycle used in the thermal power

plants. They are generally defined as the ratio of heat energy available in the fuel to the energy given as heat in to the system. heat energy gained in the system as useful work(KCal) (cycle) = -------------------------------------------------------------------x100 heat energy available in the fuel(KCal
The heat rejection to condenser which is about 37-47% of

TURBINE EFFICIENCY
The turbine efficiency is the ratio of mechanical work output to the

isentropic heat drop across the turbine in percentage and they are mathematically expressed as mechanical work output(KCal) ()turbine = ---------------------------------------------x100 Enthalpy of steam[(at inlet)-(at outlet)]
The turbine has losses like fluid dynamics and mechanical losses

GENERATOR EFFICIENCY
It is defined as the ratio of electrical energy sent out to the mechanical work in percentage. electrical energy sent out( Kwhr x 860) (generator) = ------------------------------------------ x100 mechanical work (Kcal) The conversion of mechanical energy to the electrical energy is more efficient. The efficiency of the generator is 96 98%. Losses like friction loss, copper loss, iron loss(core loss) etc.

Boiler Efficiency Determination

Efficiency of the boiler can be determined by two methods 1. DIRECT METHOD 2. INDIRECT METHOD

DIRECT METHOD
The output (steam) and input (fuel) are

measured and the ratio of output to input in terms of heat values is called Efficiency. Efficiency = Output / Input =Heat absorbed by working fluid *100 (Heat in Fuel + Heat Credits)

INDIRECT METHOD
In this method, the input is assumed to

be 100% and the various losses encountered are calculated . Efficiency=100 (Heat Losses) * 100

HEAT LOSSES
Unburnt carbon Radiation and

convection loss loss Sensible heat loss Dry gas loss in fly ash Fuel hydrogen loss Sensible heat loss Fuel moisture loss in bottom ash Air moisture loss Mill reject loss Carbon mono oxide loss

Steam Output

(CO1 1 1 1) SO N ,O , H1 , CO, Ash O

1Surface loss .
(Radiation)

1Dry Flue gas loss . 1H1 . loss 1Moisture in fuel . 1Moisture in air . 1CO loss . 1Fly ash loss .

Fuel Input, 111 % Air- N1 1 ,O

Boiler

Flue gas sample

Un burnt Sensible heat of ash

1Bottom ash loss . Blow down

Un burnt Sensible heat of ash

Efficiency = Output / Heat input to boiler Out put = (111 Loss )= 11111111111 ( + + + + + + + )

1.Unburnt Carbon Loss

Combustibles in Fly ash: U = D/100 * A/100 * C/(100-C) Combustibles in Bottom ash: A/100 * Cb/(100-Cb) Total Combustibles
*

Ub = Db/100

U= U + Ub
L_UC = U * CVc/GCV *

Unburnt Carbon Loss

100 A = Ash in

D= Distribution of fly ash coal C= Carbon in fly ash Db= Distribution of bottom ash

2.Dry Gas Loss

Weight of dry gas per kg of as fired fuel

Wd = (C + S/2.67 - U)(100/(12*%CO2))Kg mole/kg

Sensible heat of dry gas

Sh = Wd
Dry Gas Loss

Cp

(Tg-Ta)

L_G = Sh * 100/GCV/4.186 C= Carbon in coal Tg = Flue gas temperature S= Sulphur in coal Ta= Air temperature CO2=Carbon dioxide Cp=Specific heat gas

3.Loss due to moisture in fuel

Sensible heat of water vapour:

Sw = 1.88 *(Tg-25)* 2442*4.2*(25-Ta)

KJ/kg
Loss due to moisture in fuel:

L_M = M* Sw/GCV/4.186

4.Loss due to hydrogen in fuel

L_H = 9*H*Sw/GCV/4.186

5.Loss due to moisture in air

1 Stoichometric air

Sa = (2.664*C + 7.937*H + 0.996*S - O)/23.2

1 Excess air

Ea = (O2_out - CO_out/2) / (0.2882*N2_out) (O2_out - CO_out/2) * 100 1 Total moisture in air Ma = Sa * Ea * M 1 Loss due to moisture in air L_mA = Ma * 1.88 * (Tg-Ta) * 100/GCV/4.186 kJ/kg

6. Loss due to Carbon Monoxide

L_CO = CO_o * 7 * Cvco * (C-100U)/3/(CO2_o + CO_o)/GCV

7. Radiation Loss

Loss due to surface radiation and convection (as per prediction based on ABMA curve)

8. Loss due to sensible heat in fly ash

L_f = A/100 * Df/100 * Cpf * ( Tg-Ta) * 100/ GCV

9. Loss due to sensible heat in bottom ash

L_b = A/100 * Db/100 * Cpb * Tb * 100

Heat Credits:
The heat credits are generally the other heat inputs then heat from the fuel firing. ( e.g.. Heat due to shaft power of pulverize, Fans, etc. which are coming inside the system boundary)

HEAT CREDIT Total mill power Total PA fan power Total coal flow Gcv of coal Kw-hr/kg of coal KWkg=MP/Cflo/1000

SYMBOL MP Cflo Gcv Kw kg

UNIT KW KW T/hr Kcal/kg Kw -hr/kg

Heat credit (heat equivalent of power ) ( as negative loss) H _Cr= kwkg * 859.86 * 100/Gcv

H_Cr

IMPROVEMENTS ON BOILER PERFORMANCE

IMPROVEMENTS PERFORMANCE
1.

ON

BOILER

Maintaining the optimum PF fineness . Maintaining the optimum air / fuel ratio. Operating the boiler in rated parameters

2. 3.

( Boiler drum pressure, temperatures) 4.Operating the boiler with an excess air level of 15% to 20% MS & RH pressure and

6. Operate the CBD to the minimum. To maintain the purity of feed water . 7. Operate with minimum spray in M.S & zero spray in RH. 8. Optimum utilization of the burner tilt for controlling the HRH & MS temperature. 9. Operation of all the wall soot blowers shift. in every

THANK

YOU