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Standards
A standard

of measurement is defined as the physical representation of the unit of measurement .

In science and engineering activity two type of units are used: Fundamental Derived.
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Fundamental Units

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Derived Units

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International Standards
Those defined and agreed upon internationally are called International Standards. They are maintained at the International Bureau of Weights and Measurements.

And are not accessible outside for calibration of instruments.

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Primary Standards
The standards maintained by National standards laboratories (NBS) in different part of the world are known as a Primary standard. The primary standards established for the fundamental and some derived units are independently calibrated by absolute measurements at each of the National Standards Laboratories with highest accuracy. These are used for calibration of the secondary standards.
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Secondary Standard
Secondary standard are basic reference standards maintain by industrial measurement laboratories They maintained the periodic calibration of secondary standards against primary standards of the national standards laboratory .

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Working Standard These are high-accuracy devices or instrument that are commercially available and are certified against the primary or secondary standards. It is widely used for calibrating general laboratry instruments , for checking the quality (range & accuracy) of industrial product

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International Standard

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Calibration Calibration is the quantitative comparison between a known standard and output of the measuring system measuring the same quantity .

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Primary calibration
When a device/system is calibrated against primary standard , the procedure is termed primary calibration. After primary calibration, the device is employed as a secondary calibration device. .Standard resistor

Secondary calibration
When a secondary calibration device is used for further calibrating another device of less accuracy, then the procedure termed secondary calibration ..Calibration voltmeter or ammeter with suitable circuits

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Direct calibration with known input source

It has same accuracy as primary calibration This direct calibration device also used as secondary calibration deviceflow meter directly calibrate by primary measurements

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Steps involve in calibration: The experimenter adjust the zero of the instrument Input quantity is raised slowly to assume first integer value, in this case reading of the standard and test instruments are taken simultaneously. The procedure is repeated at other chosen values of input quantity up to full-scale value and while decrease it to zero. The values plotted on graph, the experimenter may be satisfied in most cases to draw a straight line that fits the scattered points. For higher accuracy calibration is repeated up to 20 to 25 times.
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