Hydraulics Engineering

Fundamentals of Fluid Flow

INTRODUCTION

GENERAL

The term hydraulics is generally used to specify that branch of mechanics which is concerned with the laws controlling the behavior of water and other liquids in the states of rest and motion. The three branches into which hydraulics is subdivided are

1.

2.

3.

Hydrostatics which is the study of liquids at rest, Hydrokinetics which deals with the geometry of motion of liquids without considering the forces causing that motion, and Hydrodynamics which deals with the forces exerted by or upon liquids in motion including relations between velocities and accelerations involved in such fluid motion.

 Fundamentals

of Fluid Flow

Principles Involved:
Conservation

of Mass Energy Principle Principle of Momentum

 Discharge

or flow rate, Q

is the amount of fluid passing through a section per unit of time.

Expressed

as:

Mass flow rate (kg/sec) Q = AV Weight flow rate (kN/sec) M = Q Volume flow rate (m3/sec) W = Q

Where: Q = discharge in m3/s or ft3/s A = cross-sectional area of flow m2 or ft2 V = mean velocity of flow in m/s or ft/s = mass density in kg/m3 or slug/ft3 = weight density in N/m3 or lb/ft3

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Steady

passing a given section is constant with time. If the flow Q at the cross section varies with time, the flow is unsteady.

flow this occurs when the discharge Q

 Uniform

this occurs if the discharge Q passing a given cross section has steady flow for a given length of a stream, the average velocity of the flow is the same, this usually occurs when an incompressible fluid flows through a stream with uniform cross-section. In stream where the cross-section and velocity changes, the flow is said to be non-uniform.

flow

 Continuous

any time, the discharge Q at every section of the stream is the same (principle of conservation of mass)

flow this occurs when at

Continuous Flow

 Continuity

Equation:

For incompressible fluids Q = A1V1 = A2V2 = A3V3 = constant For compressible fluids 1A1V1 = 2A2V2 = 3A3V3 = constant 1A1V1 = 2A2V2 = 3A3V3 = constant

CONTINUITY EQUATION

 Laminar

laminar when the of individual fluid particles do not cross or intersect. The flow is laminar when the Raynolds number, Re , is less than (approximate ) equal to 2,100.

flow the flow is said to be

Laminar Flow

LAMINAR FLOW

 Turbulent

when path of individual particles are irregular and continuously cross each other. Turbulent flow normally occurs when Ra exceeds 2,100 (although the most common situation is when it exceed 4,000)

flow is said to be turbulent

LAMINAR VS TURBULENT

 One

incompressible fluid the direction and magnitude of the velocity at all points are identical.

dimensional flow this occurs when in an

Two

fluids particles move in planes or parallel planes and the streamline patterns are not identical in each other.

dimensional flow this occurs when the

 Path

moves during a particular period of time.

Lines is a line made by a single particle as it

 Stream

through a fluid to indicate the direction of motion in various sections of the flow the fluid system.

lines these are imaginary curves drawn

 Stream

portions of a flowing fluid bounded by a group of stream lines which confine flow.

tubes these represents elementary

 Flow

patterns in case of two dimensional flow or three dimensional flow.

nets these are drawn to indicate flow

Energy

flowing fluid consist of the kinetic and the potential energy.

and Head the energy possessed by a

Potential energy ( 2 divisions )

Due

to position Due to pressure

 Kinetic

work by the virtue of its velocity.

energy ability of the fluid mass to do

Kinetic or velocity

For circular pipe of diameter D flowing full

 Elevation

energy by the fluid by the virtue of its position or elevation with respect to datum plane.

energy (Potential energy) the

Elevation Energy = wz = mgz

 Pressure

with a fluid which has a small opening at the top without pressure at the top, the fluid practically will not flow the equivalent head (pressure head) for a pressure, P is . Hence, pressure energy is equivalent to:

energy consider a closed tank filled

Where: z = position of the fluid above (+) or below (-) the datum plane p = fluid pressure v = mean velocity of flow

 Total

fluid flow is the sum of K.E. and P.E.

flow energy the total energy or head in a

 Power

which work is done for a fluid of unit weight, (N/m3) and moving at a rate of Q (m3/s) with a total energy E (m) the power in N-m/s or Joule/s or watt is:

and Efficiency power is the rate at

Note: 1 horse power (hp) = 746 watt 1 horse power (hp) = 550 ft-lb/sec 1 watt = 1 N-m/s 1 watt = 1 Joule/s

 Bernoullis

results from the application of the principles of conservation of energy. Summarized by equation:

Energy Theorem this theorem

E@section1 + Eadded - Eloss = E@seaction2

Bernoullis Energy Theorem

BERNOULLIS THEOREM

 Bernoullis

Principle

The concept that as the speed of moving fluid (Liquid or Gas) increases, the pressure within that fluid decreases. Originally formulated in 1783, by Swiss Mathematician & Physicists Daniel Bernoulli, it state that the total energy in a steady flowing fluid system is constant along the flow path an inc. in fluid speed must therefore be matched by decrease in its pressure.

 Energy

Equation Without HeadLost

If the fluid experiences no head lost in moving from section 1, must be equal to section 2 then the total energy at section 1 is the same to the total energy at section 2. Neglecting head lost in the fluid flow, the values that we get are called: Ideal or Theoretical values with reference to:

E1=E2

Energy Equation without Head Lost

 Energy

Equation with Head Lost

Considering head lost, the values that we can attain are called actual values with reference to the figure:

E1-HL1-2=E2
HL1-2

Energy Equation with Head Lost

WATER PUMP

 Energy

Equation with Pump

Pump is used basically to increase the head (usually to raised water from a lower to a higher elevation). The input power (Pinput) of the pump is electrical energy and its output power (Poutput) is the flow energy.

E1 + HA - HL1-2 = E2
HL1-2

Energy Equatiion with Pump

ENEGRY EQUATION WITH PUMP

WATER TURBINE

 Energy

Equation with Turbine or Motor

Turbines or Motors extract from energy to do mechanical work which in turn converted to electrical energy for turbines.

E1 - HE - HL1-2 = E2
HL1-2

Energy Equation with Turbine or Motor

 Energy

and Hydraulic Grade Lines

Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)

Graphical Representation of the total potential energy of flow. It is the line that connects the water levels in successive peizometer tubes placed at intervals along the pipe. Its distance from the datum is

 Characteristics

of HGL

HGL slopes downward in the direction of flow but it may rise or fail due to changes in velocity or pressure.
For uniform pipe cross-section, HGL is parallel to the EGL For horizontal pipes with uniform diameter, the drops in pressure head between any two points is equal to the head loss between these points.

 Energy

Grade Line (EGL)

A graphical representation of flow (the sum of kinetic and potential energies) its distance from datum plane is

 Characteristics

of EGL

EGL always slope downward in direction of flow, and it will only rise with the presence of pump.

The drop of EGL between any two points is the head lost between those points.

For uniform pipe cross-section, EGL is parallel to HGL EGL is always above the HGL by any amount equal to the velocity head,

Neglecting head loss, EGL is horizontal.

Behavior of Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. A standpipe 5m in diameter and 10m high is filled with water. Calculate the potential energy of the water if the elevation datum is taken 2m below the base of the standpipe. GIVEN: D = 5m H = 10m Z = 2m

Solution:

________________________ Answer

2. Neglecting air resistance, determine to what height a vertical jet of water could rise if projected with a velocity of 20 m/s? GIVEN: V = 20m/s

Solution: As the jet rises, its kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy. Neglecting air resistance:

________________________ Answer

3.

Water is flowing in an open channel at a depth of 2m and a velocity of 3 m/s. it flows down a chute into another channel where the depth is 1m and the velocity is 10m/s. neglecting friction, determine the difference in elevation of the channel floors. GIVEN: V1 = 3m/s, V2 = 10m/s, = 2m, = 1m

Solution: Neglecting friction (head loss):

______________ Answer

4.

size from 150mm at section 1 and 450mm at section 2. Section 1 is 3.6m below section 2 and the pressures are 90 kPa and 60 kPa respectively. If the discharge is 150 lit/sec, determine the head loss and the direction of flow. GIVEN: P1 = 90KPa P2 = 60KPa

A pipe carrying oil of specific gravity 0.877 changes in

Solution:

Taking 1 as datum:

Since E1 > E2, the flow is from 1 to 2 Head loss, HL = E1 E2 = 14.135 10.62 Head loss, HL = 3.515 m __________________________ Answer

5.

Oil flows from a tank through 150 m of 150 mm diameter pipe and then discharges into air as shown in the figure. If the head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 600 mm, determine the pressure needed at point 1 to cause 17 lit/sec of oil to flow. GIVEN: Z1 = 20m Z2 =30m Q = 17lit/sec HL1-2 =600mm L = 150m d = 150mm

Solution: Energy equation between 1 and 2:

______________ Answer

6.

Gas flowing through a square conduit whose section gradually changes from 150 mm (section 1) to 300 mm (section 2). At section 1, the velocity of flow is 7 m/s and the density of gas is 1 kg/m3 while at section 2 the velocity of flow is 2 m/s. Calculate the mass flow rate and the density of the gas at section 2. GIVEN: d@ sec.1 = 150mm; V1 = 7m/s d@ sec.2 = 300mm; V2 = 2m/s

= 1kg/m3

Solution:

________________________ Answer

7.

Water enters a motor through a 600 mm diameter pipe under a pressure of 14 kPa. It leaves through a 900 mm diameter exhaust pipe with a pressure of 4 kPa. A vertical distance of 2.5m separates the centers of the two pipes at the sections where the pressures are measured. If 500 liters of water pass the motor each second, compute the power supplied to the motor. GIVEN: d1 = 600mm ; P1 = 14 kPa

d2 = 900mm ; P2 = 4 kPa Z1 = 2.5m Q = 500lit/sec.

Solution: Energy Equations between 1 and 2 (neglecting heads lost and taking point 2 as datum)

E1 HE = E2

HE = 3.647 m

Power, P = Q

Power, P = 23.98 horsepower ____________________________ Answer

8.

A 20-hp suction pump operating at 70% efficiency draws water from a suction line whose diameter is 200 mm and discharges into air through a line whose diameter is 150 mm. the velocity in the 150 mm line is 3.6m/s. If the pressure at point A in the suction pipe is 34 kPa below the atmosphere, where A is 1.8 m below B on the 150mm line, determine the maximum elevation above B to which water can be raised assuming a head loss of 3m due to friction. GIVEN: Power = 20hp d1 = 200mm d2 = 150mm ; V = 3.6m/s P@ pt. A = 34kPa Z1 = 1.8m

HL = 3.0m

Solution:

vA = v1 = 2.025 m/s

20 x 746 = 0.0636(9810)HA HA = 23.91m

Energy Equation between A and C (datum at A): EA + HA HL = EC

h = 15.19 m ______________ Answer

9. For the pipe shown in the Figure = Determine the total head lost between 1 and 2.

GIVEN:

=
P1 = 280 KPa P2 = 200 KPa

Solution: Energy equation between 1 and 2:

E1 HL = E2

Since

_______________ Answer

10. Water flows freely from the reservoir shown through

a 50-mm diameter pipe at the rate of 6.31 lit/sec. If the head lost in the system is 11.58 Joule/N, determine the elevation of the water surface in the reservoir if the discharges end is at elevation 4m. GIVEN:

d = 50mm Q = 6.31lit/sec HL = 11.58 J/N Z2 = 4m

Solution: Energy equation between 1 and 2: E1 HL = E2

z1 = 16.11m Elevation _______________________ Answer

REFERENCE
Hydraulics

in Civil and Environmental Engineering by: Chadwick, Andrew

Hydraulics

by: Ruben A. De la Fuente, Ma. Trinidad E. De la Rosa, Pedro T. Templo, Jr.