Guide Mrs.P.

Akhila

T.U.M Swarna kumari J.V Ravi Teja G.Suresh Kumar N.Sudheer Babu

BY 07S01A0416 07S01A0427 07S01A0429 07S01A0431

The aim of the project is to develop a simple FM-Transmitter to be used specialized applications such as in radio broadcasting and telecommunications etc. Frequency modulation has several advantages over the system of amplitude modulation (AM) used in the alternate form of radio broadcasting. The most important of these advantages is that an FM system has greater freedom from interference and static. commercial FM radio stations are assigned frequencies between 88 and 108 MHz and will be the intended frequency range of transmission.

WHAT IS MODULATION?

Modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a high-frequency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with respect to a modulating signal Here the three key parameters of a periodic waveform are its amplitude ("volume"), its phase ("timing") and its frequency ("pitch"), all of which can be modified in accordance with a low frequency signal to obtain the modulated signal. Typically a high-frequency sinusoid waveform is used as carrier signal

TYPES OF MODULATION:

Amplitude modulation a type of modulation where amplitude of a information signal vary while frequency and phase kept constant.
Frequency modulation a type of modulation where frequency of information signal vary while amplitude and phase kept constant. Phase modulation a type of modulation where phase of information signal vary while amplitude and frequency kept constant.

WHY FM?
o

Frequency modulation is a type of modulation where the frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance with the modulating signal. The amplitude of the carrier remains constant. The information-bearing signal (the modulating signal) changes the instantaneous frequency of the carrier. Since the amplitude is kept constant, FM modulation is a low-noise process and provides a high quality modulation technique which is used for music and speech in hi-fidelity broadcasts For FM: the carriers frequency is proportional to the basebands amplitude, the carrier increases frequency proportional to the positive magnitude of the baseband and decreases frequency proportional to the negative magnitude of the baseband.

ADVANTAGES FREQUENCY MODULATION:

Frequency modulation have some advantages over amplitude modulation, FM is not sensitive to the amplitude noise, and have high efficient use of transmitted power
Lesser distortion. Frequency modulated wave is less susceptible to intereferences from buildings, traffic etc which provides improved signal to noise ratio (about 25dB) w.r.t. to man made interference. Waves at higher frequencies can carry more data than the waves at low frequency. Smaller geographical interference between neighboring stations. Less radiated power. Well defined service areas for given transmitter power

FM-TRANSMITTER:

Transmitter which generates frequency modulated signal is known as FM-Transmitter

APPLICATIONS:
Non-commercial broadcasting from 88 90 MHz (WFM) Commercial broadcasting from 90 108 MHz (WFM) Television audio Public Service communications Radio Service Communications Point-to-point microwave links used by telecommunications companies

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FMTRANSMITTER:

VHF Oscillator (30 M.W)

Class C Drive amp (150 M.W)

Class C final power amp(1 w)

BLOCK DISCRIPTION:
what is an OSCILLATOR? Oscillator is a source of AC voltage or current. Thus oscillator is a circuit in which the electric energy in form of DC is converted into the form of AC.

VHF OSCILLATOR? an oscillator which is used at a range of 30Mhz to 300Mhz is known as VHF oscillator.

DIFF B/W OSCILLATOR AND AMPLIFIER

An

amplifier is one in which it requires some AC input which will be amplified where as oscillator doesnt need any external AC signal. is shown in fig.

This

input

Amplifier

Signal Out put

oscillator

Signal Out put

DC input

DC input

Circuit of vhf oscillator:

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR:
A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency

crystal

Equivalent circuit

WHY CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR?

Crystal

oscillators produce highly stable output waveform in the high frequency range of MHZs.

Stable
More

temperature characteristics.

Amplitude stability.

CLASS C AMPLIFIER OPERATION:

In

class C operation, collector current flows for less than one half cycle of the input signal i.e., an angle of less than 180 degrees. class C operated amplifier is used as a radio frequency amplifier in transmitters. efficiency of an amplifier refers to the ratio of output signal power compared to the total input power.

The

The

WHY CLASS C?

In radio transmitter, the out power often exceeds 50Kw so that efficiency is the important factor.
As the efficiency of class C approaches 100 percent. So it is used. Since usually at RF range class B or class C amplifiers are used. In class C, Q point is placed near cut off so it will conduct <180 degress

The advantage of class C is potentially high efficiency, but a disadvantage is high distortion.

 An

antenna is a transducer that transmits or receives electromagnetic waves. In other words, antennas convert electromagnetic radiation into electric current, or vice versa. Hear we are using a 70c.m telescope antenna, so the range of this transmitter is 1KM. Range can be extended up to 5KM by using multi element yagi antenna having reflector, dipole, director elements.

WORKING:
The

circuit as we have already mentioned consists of four stages. Three RF stages and one audio preamplifier for modulation. first RF stage is an oscillator generates a stable sine wave for the carrier wave. . The frequency of the oscillator is controlled by the LC network.

The

 The

next RF stage which is an amplifier which operates in class c. last RF stage is also an amplifier which operates in class C which is used to tune the input signal.

The

The

circuit of the preamplifier is very simple and it is to improve the signal to noise ratio in FM can be achieved by filtering, but no amount of filtering will remove the noise from RF circuits.

CONCLUSION:
Thus

the FM-Transmitter is constructed by using a variable frequency VHF oscillator of 30M.W, a class C driver stage of 150 M.W and class C final power amplifier of 1W with a 9 volts battery source.