COMPLEX NUMBER

Learning outcomes
Identify and differentiate imaginary number and
complex numbers.

Perform the operations on complex numbers.

State the complex conjugate and do the
addition, subtraction and division operations
(operations involving complex conjugate).

Solve equations involving complex number.

1
IMAGINARY NUMBERS
Definition

i = -1 or i =
The power of i can be express in term 1 and also i. For
example :

i = -1
i = i . i = -i
i
4
= i . i = (-1)(-1)= 1
i
5
= i
4
. i = (1)(i) = i
1
2
Definition 1
Imaginary number is a number written as
ai or ia, where a is a real number.

Example :

i 4 1 16 ) 1 ( 16 16 = = =
3
Addition and subtraction of Imagination
Numbers will produce Imaginary
Numbers.
-Example :
9i + 6i = 15i , 9i 4i =5i


The product of multiplication and
division of Imaginary Number produces
Real Number
-Example :
4i 5i = 20i = 20 (-1) = -20
4
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Definition 2

The sum of a Real Numbers and an
Imaginary Number produces a COMPLEX
NUMBER (C). It can be written as :
a + bi
- Example :
2 + 3i
-5 7i

5
Special case for a + bi
a) When b=0, a + bi real number.
b) When a = 0, a + bi Imaginary number.
c) When a = 0, b = 0, a + bi zero complex number.
thus , a + bi = 0 a = 0 and b = 0
d) When a + bi = c + di a = c and b = d
6
The importance of imaginary numbers :
~ to find the zero of a polynomial, in
particular quadratic equation such as :
ax + bx + c = 0
Where the roots are
a
b ac i b x
2
4 =
7
Definition 3

For complex number; z = a + bi, complex
conjugate for z which is written as z* and
define as z* = a + bi
-Example



z = 3 + 5i , z* = 3 5i

8
OPERATION COMPLEX
NUMBER
Example:
a) Addition of complex number
(2 + 3i ) + (4 + 5i) = 2 + 3i + 4 + 5i
= 2 + 4 + 3i + 5i
= 6 + 8i




















9



b) Subtraction of complex number
(5 2i) (- 4 i) = 5 2i + 4+ i
=5 + 4 -2i + i
=9 i

c) Multiplication of complex number
(2 +i)(3 2i) = 2(3 2i) + i(3 2i)
=6 4i +3i - 2i
=6 i -2(-1)
=6 i + 2
=8 - i




10
d) Division of complex number



)
3 5
3 5
)(
3 5
4 1
(
3 5
4 1
i
i
i
i
i
i
+
+

+
=

+
2 2
2
3 5
12 20 3 5
+
+ + +
=
i i i
34
23 7 i +
=
34
23
34
7 i
+ =
2 2
) )( ( b a bi a bi a = = +
11
e) Square roots of complex number
find square root of 3 + 4i

since


i ab b a ) 2 ( ) (
2 2
+ =
3
2 2
= b a
2 2 2 2
2 ) ( i b abi a bi a + + = +
4 2 = ab
Hence,
12
solve the equation for variable b,






substitute b into 1,


4 2 = ab
a
b
2
=
3
2 2
= b a
2 4
3 4 a a =
0 4 3
2 2
= a a
0 ) 1 )( 4 (
2 2
= + a a
4
2
= a
1
2
= a
2
2
2
3 )
4
( a
a
a =
13
Since 4 is a real value, so we discard -1





find the values of b
when when








therefore, the square roots of 3 + 4i are 2 + i and -2 i.
4 = a
4
2
= a
2 = 2
2 = a
a
b
2
=
2
2
=
1 =
2 = a
a
b
2
=
2
2

=
1 =
14

Equal Complex Number
If two complex numbers a+bi and c+di are equal,
that is a+bi = c+di
then (a-c) + (b-d)i = 0
Since p+qi = 0 p=0 and q=0
Hence a-c = 0 a = c
and b-d = 0 b = d
Therefore a+bi = c+di a = c and b = d

Example : 23i = a+bi a=2 and b=-3

15
Example :
Solve the equation (x+iy)(3i) = 1+2i where x and y are
real number.

Solution :
(x+iy)(3i) = 1+2i
(x+iy) = 1+2i
3-i
= (1+2i)(3+i) multiply with the conjugate
(3-i)(3+i)
= 3+7i+2i
2
i

2
= -1

9-i
2

= 1+7i
10
= 1 + 7i
10 10


16
Therefore, x = 1 and y = 7
10 10

Questions to try!

1) (x+yi)(2-5i) = 1+5i
Ans: -23 + 15i
29 29

17
Operation Description
Addition z+w = (a+b) + (c-di)
=(a+c) + (b+d)i
Subtraction z-w = (a+bi) (c-di)
=(a-c) (b-d)i
Multiplication z(w) = (a+bi)(c+di)
=(ac+bd) + (bc+ad)I
Division


*
*
.
w
z
w
z
w
z
=
Summary
18
Conjugation characteristics for z, w, C

1. (z*)* = z

2. z* + w* = (z+w)*

3. (zw)* = (z*)(w*)

4. z* = z z R
Definition 4

19


ARGAND DIAGRAM
Complex number can be represent with geometry in
Cartesian coordinate by using two axes :

x-axis (real axis)

y-axis (imaginary axis)

Both axes can be represent on a complex plane named
Argand Diagram.






20
21
z = a + bi can be represented by

a) the point P with coordinates ( a,b)
b) By the vector OP, where O is the origin.
c) Any vector equal to OP in magnitude and direction.








Real axis
P (a,b)
z
O
22
z = a + bi is IzI =
Modulus and Argument
The modulus of a complex number,

The argument of a complex number, denoted by arg z is the angle
made by complex number with the real axis and <
23
b + a
a) First Quadrant



Arg z = = tan
b) Second Quadrant



Arg z = = - tan
c) Third Quadrant



Arg z = = - - tan




d) Fourth Quadrant



Arg z = = - tan

| |
24
|
.
|

\
|
a
b
|
.
|

\
|
a
b
|
.
|

\
|
a
b
|
.
|

\
|
a
b
A point z=x+yi can be
seen as the sum of two
vectors
x=cos()
y=sin()
Since z = x + yi, therefore
z= cos() + i sin()



i sin()
cos()
z=x+yi
Complex number also can be written in polar form. The Cartesian polar
relationship is illustrated in figure below
The angle , (< ) is called the argument of z and r =
is the modulus of z, i.e. r = IzI .
b a +
25
SOLVING EQUATION
A) ADDITION










( )
i
i i
i i
i i
2 8
2 4 5 3
2 5 4 3
) 2 5 ( 4 3
+ =
+ + =
+ + =
+ +
( ) ) 3 4 ( 6 7 i i + +
i Ans 3 3 : +
Quick Try!
26
B) Subtraction







i
i i
i i
5 1
3 1 8 2
) 3 1 ( ) 8 2 (
=
+ =

Quick Try!
) 2 8 ( ) 3 5 ( i i + +
i Ans + 3 :
27
C) Multiplication







Quick Try!
i Ans 12 5 :
) 3 2 ( i
28
i
i
i i
i i i
i i
3 11
1 3 10
) 1 ( 2 5 10
2 5 10
) 2 )( 5 (
+ =
+ + =
+ =
+ =
+
D) Division
i
i
3 2
4 3
+
+
Quick Try!
i Ans
25
1
25
7
:
i
i
i
i i i
i
i
i
i
13
1
13
18
13
18
9 4
12 6
i 9 i 6 i 6 4
12 8 9 6
) 3 2 (
) 3 2 (
3 2
4 3
=

=
+
+
=
+
+
=

+
+
=
29
) 2 (
1
i
i
+
+
E) Find value of x and y






) 3 2 )( 3 ( i i yi x + = +
Quick Try!
i yi x i 2 8 ) )( 1 ( = + +
5 , 3 : = = y x Ans
7 , 9
7 9
3 7 6
3 2 9 6
= =
= +
+ = +
+ = +
y x
i yi x
i yi x
i i i yi x
30