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SEMICONDUCTORS
Semiconductor is an element with a
valence four where an isolated atom of material has four elements in its outer or valence orbit.
Number of electrons in the valence orbit is the
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has 5 electrons in the outer most orbit). It has extra electrons and it become N type semiconductor. Electron are then negatively charged. 3 electrons in the outer most orbit). It has extra holes and it become P type semiconductor. Electron are then positively charged.
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INTRODUCTION
Diode is a device
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the diode is an ideal device but in 4/16/12 fact actual there is a small current flow due to the minority
DIODE MODEL
Ideal Diode
Simplest diode model where the diode is assumed as a
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ii) Reverse bias - the diode acts like an open circuit or open switch and there is no current flow through it. The diode is said to be OFF.
VD
V
S
ID R V
S
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DC CIRCUITS
Identify the condition of the diodes whether
:
It is in ON state that is if the direction of current in
the circuit is the same as the direction of the arrow of the diode (anode to cathode). the circuit is the opposite as the direction of the arrow of the diode (cathode to anode).
Load line
I
D
I R
Q-point
VS
VD
VD
VS = IDR + VD
If ID is set to 0 A, therefore :
Example : Determine the current, ID, and voltage, VD using ID the load line. 400 (mA) ID
+ 10 V VD 3 0 2 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 5 VD (V)
10
VS = IDR + VD
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ID (mA)
3 0 2 IDQ = 23 5 mA 2 0 1 5 1 0 5 VD (V)
1 VDQ = 1V
10
IDQ = 23 mA VDQ = 1 V
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Series Circuits Example : For the circuit given, calculate the current, I and I the voltage resistor, VR.
10 V Ideal 20 V R
Example : For the circuit given, calculate the current, I, the G voltage across the diode, VD. and the voltage I e resistor, VR.
10 V + VD 2.2 k + V+ RV -R -
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Parallel Circuits
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RECTIFIER
FILTER
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one
circuit to another through inductively coupled conductorsthe transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF), or " voltage", in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction. in the secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows:
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RECTIFIER
A rectifier is an electrical device that
converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC) which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification.
Peak inverse voltage (PIV) of the diode must
be considered to ensure it will not enter Zener Diode region when it is reverse biased to avoid the diode to burnt.
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Bridge rectifier
Half-wave Rectifier In half wave rectification, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, it is very inefficient if used for power transfer. Half-wave rectification can be achieved with a single diode in a one-phase supply, or with three diodes in a three-phase supply.
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Input signal
Output signal
Input signal
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output voltage is measured across the load resistor, RL. during the +ve cycle ( 0 T/2), direction of the current
across RL.
during the -ve cycle (T/2 - T), direction of the current
through the diode is reversed. diode will not conduct. Hence, V0 = 0V.
the output DC voltage of a half wave rectifier can be
Full-wave rectification
A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and is more efficient. However, in a circuit with a non-center tapped transformer, four diodes
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Bridge Rectifier
Input signal
+/ D 1 D 4 R +VoD 2 D 3
Bridge Rectifier
-/ +
Output signal
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- diodes D1 and D3 will be in ON state (forward biased) current will flow through the load resistor and there will be a voltage drop across RL.
+ D2
D1
R +Vo-
D4
D3
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diodes D2 and D4 will be in ON state (forward biased) current will flow through the load resistor and there will be a drop across RL. This will cause the value and polarity of the voltage across load resistor is in the positive region.
D1 R +VoD2
D4 +
D3
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voltages of an ideal single phase full wave rectifier can be calculated as:
V0peak and the rectified voltage or average voltage, Vdc and it is doubled compared to the half wave rectifier circuit: Vdc = 2(0.318 V0peak) = 0.636 V0peak
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Output signal
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- diodes D1 is forward biased and D2 is reversed biased. - current will flow through the load resistor and there will be a voltage drop across RL.
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diodes D2 is forward biased and D1 is reversed biased. current will flow through the load resistor and there will be a voltage drop across RL. This will cause the value and polarity of the voltage across load resistor is in the positive region
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Note:
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Wave Rectifiers
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Wave Rectifiers
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Filter Used in dc power supply to convert the pulsating dc output from half wave or full wave rectifier circuit into an unvarying dc voltage
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During +ve cycle Diode is turned ON Capacitor chargers Charging time constant is small due to no
resistance exist in the charge path except for the resistance of connecting wires (between 00 to 900 )
When ac input begins to fall from 900, the diode
discharge
charging time due to the load resistance. almost a constant dc output with a slight
rectifier is twice of half wave rectifier. Therefore, the capacitor does not have much time to discharge before another positive cycle starts/re-occur.
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Percentage of Ripple
Eventhough output of the filter should be a
constant dc level but there is a slight fluctuation or ripple in the output signal. of ripple to rate the action of the filter.
where Vrms peak is calculated for peak value of ripple voltage 4/16/12
Ripple voltage,
the circuit should have ripple less than 10% of the load voltage
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Ex. : Suppose a bridge rectifier has a dc load current of 10 mA and a filter capacitance of 470 F. What is the peak to peak ripple output of a capacitor input filter? Assume fin = 50 Hz
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Ex. : Assume a filter bridge rectifier with a line voltage of 120 Vrms, a turns ratio of 9.45, a resistance of 1 k, a filter capacitance 470 F and a load resistance of 1 k . What is the dc load voltage?
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ZENER DIODE
Designed to operate in reverse biased
Forward bias (Vi > VD) - act as general purpose diode/normal diode - operates at 0.7 V
ii)
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VOLTAGE REGULATOR
Zener voltage regulator is a circuit that maintains the output voltage at a fixed level as determined by the rated voltage of Zener diode.
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-to analyze the circuit, determine whether the Zener diode is CONDUCTING or NOT CONDUCTING.
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1)
+ VZ -
1)
If VL < VZ, Zener diode is OFF. Therefore the circuit is not a voltage regulator.
If VL > VZ, Zener diode is ON. Therefore the circuit is a voltage regulator. Output voltage would maintain as voltage of Zener Diode and VL must be greater VZ than to regulate or maintain its output voltage.
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+ VL -
RL 800 ohm
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avoid excessive, Izmax, flowing through it there is a minimum and maximum value of RL.
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R IR
+ Vi -
+ VR -
IZ
IL
+ Vo
+ VZ -
+ VL -
RL
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IR + Vi 40 V -
+ VR -
IL
+ Vo RL -
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maximum values of the input voltage so that it would not exceed maximum Zener current, IZmax
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IR
+ Vi -
+ VR -
IZ
IL
+ Vo
+ VZ -
+ VL -
RL
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R = 500
IZ
+ Vi -
IL
+ Vo
+ VR -
+ VZ -
Pzmax 500 mW
+ VL -
RL = 1.8 k
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