Electronic structure of atoms and the periodic table

1. (a) i. X (g)

X+(g) + e

The first ionisation energy of an element is

the minimum energy that is required to remove one mole of gaseous atom of X in the ground state quantum shells, more shielding effect

Size of atom increases, electrons occupy more

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Question 1(b)
ii) For magnesium, first electron to be

removed is from 3s orbital which is full. from 3p orbital which is at higher energy level than 3s

For aluminium, first electron to be removed is

Iii) Size of Thalium is smaller than that of

Barium. Valence electrons in thalium are more tightly bound, hence more energy is required

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Question c
First ionisation energies of Barium and Boron (kJmol-

1)

Barium: 502, 966, 3390 Boron : 799, 2420, 3660, 25000 For Barium, the first two ionisation energies are quite

low, so it easily form Ba2+, Barium compound are ionic

For Boron, due to its small size, the total of the first

three ionisation energies is very high and difficult to achieve, hence Boron tends to form covalent bond by 4/17/12 the sharing electrons with other atom

Question 2
a) Ionisation energy is the minimum energy required

to removed one mol of electron from 1 mol gaseous atoms of an element in the ground state under standard conditions. as more electrons are removed from it

In any atom, successive ionisation energy increase When an electron is removed, the size of ions

becomes smaller. The remaining electrons are attracted more strongly by the nucleus with constant nuclear chare
An electron in the inner quantum shell requires much

higher energy to remove compared to the sudden 4/17/12 jump in ionisation energy for an element enables us

Question 2 b)
Moving down the group, the first ionisation

energy energy decreases because the size of atom decreases because the size of atom increases and there is greater screening effect. and less tightly bound

The outer electrons are further from nucleus Period number increase W, Z, Y, X When moving down the group of group 14

elements, the metallic character increases. W 4/17/12 non metal. It oxide is covalent, hence it is is a

Question 3
A) a radio valve filled with helium at very low

pressure, the grid is possitively charged while the anode is negatively charged shown by the great difference between the fifth and sixth ionisation energy. It valence electron configuration of R is ns2 np3

B) Group 15 because it has 5 valence electrons as

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