RNP Extension: Prerequisites: Radio Network Engineering Fundamentals

Mobile Radio Network Planning 1
RNP Extension
Prerequisites: Radio Network Engineering
Fundamentals
2
RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping
Overview
4Frequency Hopping Basics
4Simulation Results
4Frequency Planning of Hopping Networks
4Frequency Hopping Parameters
3
Abbreviations
4 BCCH Broadcast Channel
4 TCH Traffic Channel
4 FH Frequency Hopping
4 SFH Slow Frequency Hopping
4 BBH Base Band Hopping
4 RFH Radio Frequency Hopping
4 MAI Mobile Allocation Index
4 MAIO Mobile Allocation Index Offset
4 HSN Hopping Sequence Number
4 FN Frame Number
RNP Extension: B8 Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping Basics
5
FFH
FH
SFH
BBH RFH
Method of FH notation
4 FFH - Fast Frequency Hopping
4 SFH - Slow Frequency Hopping
BBH - Base Band Hopping
RFH - Radio Frequency Hopping (Synthesized Hopping)
6
FFH
4 Fast Frequency Hopping changes frequencies faster than the
symbol rate
GMSK modulation; payload on air interface =22 kbit/s
1 symbol is modeled with 3 bits
Symbol rate on air interface around 7ksymbol/s
For FFH, > 7000 hopps per second
7
SFH
4 Slow Frequency Hopping is able to change its frequency every
timeslot
4 Considering one user, occupying every 8th TDMA timeslot, SFH is
leading to 216.6 hopps per second:
One TDMA frame: 4.616 ms -> 1/0.004616s=216.6Hz
The frequency changes every 8 bursts but the system permits a
frequency change at every burst; however there is no benefit for
the MS and for the network
4 Frequency Hopping used in GSM is specified in GSM 05.02 (ETSI
recommendation)
8
BCCH and SFH
4 Frequency Hopping can be applied on each traffic channel and each
signaling channel except the logical BCCH channel!
4 As the BCCH frequency is used for RXLEV measurements of
neighbour cells, this frequency must be on air all the time without
power reduction
DTX and PC are not allowed on BCCH frequency
FH is not allowed on the BCCH channel (timeslot 0 on BCCH
frequency)

Basics of BBH
10
Base Band Hopping
FFH
FH
SFH
BBH RFH
11
Base Band Hopping (1)
4 The Frame Units create the TDMA
frame structure
4 The Carrier Units modulate the
base band signal onto the carrier
frequency
4 In BBH the connections between
FUs and CUs are changed, not
the carrier frequencies
FU 1
FU 2
FU 3
FU 4
CU 1
CU 2
CU 3
CU 4
N
hop
N
TRX
within one cell
12
TRX 1
TRX 2
TRX 3
TRX 4
BCCH
Base Band Hopping (2)
4 As the CUs arent tuning their
transmit frequency, RTCs (Remote
tunable cavity / combiner) can be
used
4 Less pathloss then with WBCs
(Wide band combiner)
4 The communications (users) are
hopping over the different CUs
(Carrier Units)
4 TS 0 of the BCCH TRX is always
transmitting on the BCCH
frequency.
4 Other timeslots can use other
frequencies unless the BCCH
frequency is transmitted by any
other TRX at the same time
Basics of RFH
14
Radio Frequency Hopping
FFH
FH
SFH
BBH RFH
15
FU 1
FU 2
FU 3
FU 4
CU 1
CU 2
CU 3
CU 4
Radio Frequency Hopping (1)
4 In RFH, each Frame Unit is connected to one Carrier
Unit
4 Hopping is performed by changing the carrier frequency
within the carrier unit by using a synthesizer (synthesizer
hopping)
4 A drawback of the synthesizer hopping configuration is
that the BTS cannot be equipped with remote tunable
combiners (RTC), since the tunable filters cannot
change their frequency on a timeslot basis. Therefore a
wideband combiner (WBC) has to be used for the
connection between transmitter and antenna,
WBC: 5.05 dB insertion loss = 1.6 dB duplexer loss
+3.45 combiner loss
RTC: 3.2 dB insertion loss (for max. 4 TRX
combination)
=> 1.85 dB increased downlink path loss for the
WBC configuration
16
Radio Frequency Hopping (2)
4 As the communication
(user) is not hopping
between the CUs, but the
CU frequency itself is
hopping, there is no limit
for the number of
frequencies used for
hopping except the
software release!
TRX 1
TRX 2
TRX 3
TRX 4
BCCH
Nhop NTRX possible and mostly used
the BCCH will be on air all the time (needed for MS measurements) and
doesnt perform hopping at all

17
Hopping modes (1)
4 Cyclic hopping:
HSN = 0
All BTS use a unique periodical hopping scheme
4 Random hopping:
HSN = 1...63
63 possible pseudo random hopping schemes to guarantee
uncorrelated hopping
HSN = Hopping Sequence Number
18
Hopping modes (2)
Cyclic hopping

Random hopping
F1
F2
F3
F4
F2
F3
F4
F1
Comparison between Non Hopping and Hopping
Networks
20
4 Improved FER: 1.4%
0.6%
4 Reduced Call Drop Rate: 3.2%
2.4%
4 Reduced Call Establishment Failure: 6.5%
5.5%

4 Increased HO rate: 10%
...15%
4 Increased HO rate based on quality: 20%
Can be reduced by adjusting HO quality thresholds
Results from Field Trial in Jakarta
(Implementing BBH)
BUT
21
Results from Field Trial in South Africa
(Implementing RFH)
4 Improved CSSR from
4 Improved CDR from

4 Increased HO Rate due to
quality from
4 During Optimization of HOs
due to quality, the HO rate due
to quality decrease again from
93.64% to 98.51%
1.72% to 1.32%

6% to 25%

25% to 7%
BUT
Implemented was 1x3 reuse with 37.5% RF load
Capacity increase in Bloemfontain was about 100%!!!
22
4 21 cells, 19 with 2 TRX-es and 2 with one TRX, 18 frequencies available for
traffic carriers

4 Dropped call reduction
4 Increase of the received mean level
4 Possibility of using tighter schemes (like 1/3) providing higher capacity
compared with non-hopping network
4 No degradation of audio quality
4 Conclusions useful for radio planning:
The number of hopping frequencies must be 4 of larger.
Hopping frequencies must be separated as much as possible.

Reuse 1*3 (4 frequencies) 1*3 (6 frequencies) 2*6 (3 frequencies) No Hopping
CDR 2.7 2 2.2 2.5
HO Rate 4000 3900 3700 3000
RXQual Increased with 10 % Increased with 20 % Increased with 35 % -
Results from Telefonica Field Trial in Spain
(RFH)
23
Results from Field Trial in Egypt - Ismailia (RFH)
4 10 sites, 21 cells with 2 TRX-es and 9 cells with 3 TRX-es

4 Effect of the RF Load can be noticed on the quality HO between
Reuse 3 and Reuse 1
4 Applying DL PC and DTX together can enhance RFH performance

Network
Evolution
No Hopping 1*3
1*3 with Parameter
Settings
Offset_Hopping_HO
L_RXQual (PC
minimum threshold)
1*1
1*1 with
Parameters
Settings
Offset_Hop
ping_HO
L_RXQual
(PC
minimum
threshold)
1*1 with
DL PC +
DL DTX
+ EFR
DL Quality
HO
15000 27000 19000 18000 13000 10000
CDR 1.3 1.2 1 0.8 0.7 0.7
QVoice
Quality
(good)
91.2 % 94 % 94 % 92.6 % 92.7 % 93.2 %
Frequency Hopping Simulation Results
25
Why Frequency Hopping?
4 There are two advantages when using Frequency Hopping
Frequency Diversity
Cyclic and random hopping take benefit
Improves the effectiveness of the GSM error correction algorithm by
taking advantage from interleaving
improve the effect of fading
Interferer Diversity
Only random hopping takes full benefit!
Averages the interference on the hopping carriers, thus highly
interfered cells (before hopping) gain significantly
Fading effects
27
Fading
4 Caused by delay spread of original signal
Multi path propagation
Time-dependent variations in heterogeneity of environment
Movement of receiver
4 Short-term fading, fast fading
This fading is characterised by phase summation and
cancellation of signal components, which travel on multiple
paths. The variation is in the order of the considered
wavelength.
Their statistical behaviour is described by the Rayleigh
distribution (for non-LOS signals) and the Rice distribution (for
LOS signals), respectively.
In GSM, it is already considered by the sensitivity values, which
take the error correction capability into account.
28
Fading
4 Mid-term fading, lognormal fading
Mid-term field strength variations caused by objects in the size
of 10...100m (cars, trees, buildings). These variations are
lognormal distributed.
4 Long-term fading, slow fading
Long-term variations caused by large objects like large
buildings, forests, hills, earth curvature (> 100m). Like the mid-
term field strength variations, these variations are lognormal
distributed
4 Fading Effect consists in quality degradation

Frequency Diversity
30
Frequency Diversity (1)
4 Especially Slow
Moving Mobiles
suffer from fading
(fading time can
be long)
4 Fading means a
short breakdown
of the received
power due to
environmental
conditions
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0
.
1
2
.
8
5
.
4
8
.
0
1
0
.
6
1
3
.
2
1
5
.
9
1
8
.
5
2
1
.
1
2
3
.
7
2
6
.
3
2
9
.
0
3
1
.
6
3
4
.
2
3
6
.
8
3
9
.
4
4
2
.
1
4
4
.
7
4
7
.
3
4
9
.
9
Distance [m]
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d

P
o
w
e
r

[
d
B
m
]
Lognormal fading
Raleygh fading
fading notches
31
Frequency Diversity (2)
4 Hopping over several frequencies, does not reduce the number of
frames being destroyed by fading notches, but reduces the time of
being in a fading notch!
With FH the probability to get into a fading
notch is higher, but the average duration of a
notch is shorter!
Note: The example is based on the assumption of cylic hopping
no fading notch
f1
f3
f4
Hopping over
f1,f2,f3,f4 fading notch
f2
32
Frequency Diversity (3) - Interleaving and its
benefit
456 bit 456 bit
TDMA Time
Slot:
3 3 3 3 3 3
...
. . . . . .
2
260 bit Data with redundancy for error correction
TIME
Burst (partly) destroyed by
fading, but only 12.5% of 456
bit affected -> high chance for
successful error correction!
Interleaving depth: 8
used frequency: f2 f3 f4 f1 f3 f4 f1
Note: Only f1 suffers from
fading in this example
Creating burst structure
33
Frequency Diversity (4) - Interleaving and its
benefit
4 GSM collects 20 ms of speech data before packing it into the 260
bits (456 bits include 260 data bits plus redundancy)
4 Without hopping, several consecutive bursts (456 bits) would be
affected by fading
4 This would affect most of the 8 sub-blocks of the 456 bit, leading to
low chance of successful error correction.
4 With hopping, in the regular case less consecutive blocks are
affected, leading to a good chance of error correction
4 As RXQUAL does not take interleaving into account, but the BER
before de-interleaving, the FH benefit is not visible in RXQUAL!
RXQUAL is even worse, as the BER during good quality time is
higher.
Interference Diversity
35
Interferer Diversity (1)
4 Interferer Diversity means the averaging of the interference
within the frequency group
Each frequency within a frequency group suffers from
more or less interference
The overall interference to one communication is therefore
the average of the single frequency interferences of the
frequency group
Note: The overall interference within the network does not
change, but the standard deviation is reduced
36
4 Reducing the network wide C/I standard deviation by FH

Uncorrelated hopping is assumed in the example q Random Hopping (HSN 1..63)!
<C/I> <C/I>
C/I
Thr
C/I
Thr

C/I

C/I
without SFH with SFH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8
One MS call which
changes the frequency
several times within the
frequency group (e.g. 8
times)
37
4 If the average C/I in the network is below the required C/I
thr
, the quality
gets worse when using frequency hopping
<C/I> <C/I>
C/I
Thr
C/I
Thr

C/I

C/I
without SFH with SFH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8
Uncorrelated hopping is assumed in the example q Random Hopping (HSN 1..63)!
One MS call which
changes the frequency
several times within the
frequency group (e.g. 8
times)
38
4 If the standard deviation is quite high some mobiles suffer
from a C/I smaller then the required C/I
thr

4 When using FH, the C/I values are average values from the
correspondent frequency hopping group
4 Due to this averaging, the C/I standard deviation gets smaller
4 Now also the bad calls have acceptable conditions
39
Summary of frequency and interference
diversity
F1
F2
MS1 BS1
C1
I2
I1
MS2
F2
P
F1
F1,F2,F3
F1
F2
MS1 BS1 MS2
F2,F3,F1
P
Interference
Diversity
Frequency
Diversity
No
Hopping
Frequency
Hopping
I1
I2
40
BBH
4 Advantages
The timeslots 1 to 7 of the BCCH frequency are allowed to
perform frequency hopping
Combination of intelligent frequency planning with the
benefit of frequency hopping
4 Disadvantages
Frequency hopping performs best with at least 4 hopping
frequencies Cells must have at least 4 TRXs!
41
RFH
4 Advantages
Hopping over more frequencies than installed TRXs
possible
N
HOP
N
TRX

More benefit from Interferer Diversity
The more frequencies are used, the higher the averaging effect
4 Disadvantages
No hopping at all on the BCCH TRX!
42
Comparison BBH vs. RFH (1)
4 BBH is better than RFH
Interference point of view
BBH intelligence integrated in the frequency plan
RFH not (so much) intelligence in the frequency plan (especially in 1*1). The
drawback is the increased level of interference (cf. A955 simulations)
4 Strategy for operator for hopping mode selection:
prefer BBH instead of RFH
if the available BW is sufficient migrate from BBH to RFH only
when the point comes to deploy a new TRX in the BBH network
without any violations

43
Comparison of hopping schemes 1 x 3, 1 x 1 and BBH
(Network Design point of view)
Reuse
scheme
Benefits Drawbacks
1 x 3
Allow a reuse of the
hopping frequencies (for the
microcells).
Ease the transition
between hopping area and
nonhopping area.
From interference
reduction p.o.v. Need a good
design of the network (same
height of the sites, regular
azimuth of the antennas, flat
area, careful tilt tuning) to be
fully efficient.
Require hopping on a
number of frequencies
multiple of 3.
1 x 1
From interference
reduction p.o.v., the
requirement to have same
antenna height and a careful
tilt tuning is even higher as for
1x3, whereas there is no
requirement for same azimuth
Good cell planning
required, little coverage
overlap allowed.
No re- utilization of the
hopping frequencies
possible (for example for
microcells).
More difficult transition
between hopping area and
nonhopping area.
BBH
Minimum interference +
benefits of interferer and
frequency diversity
Fewer constraints on the
network design: antenna
height+ azimuth, tilt tuning
are not critical factors
anymore
Higher effort for frequency
planning
44
FH field trial
4 Field trial performed in TMN Network in Portugal 2003
4 The result is a comparison between RFH 1x1, BBH and RFH 1x3
4 TMN Network configuration
Hardware
19 BSCs with 1400 cells
dual band network
azimuths with regular patterns
Frequency policy
GSM 900: 21 freq. for BCCH; 18 freq. TCH with RFH 1x1
DCS 1800: 14 freq. for BCCH; 16 freq. TCH with RFH 1x1
45
FH field trial - reasons for FH modifications
4 Network had a high RFLoad - due to high number of TRX per cell
(urban areas)

4 RxQual in hopping TRX was worse than RxQual in BCCH (from
drive tests)
Band % cells with more TRX than recommended
GSM900 45% of cells have more TRX than recommended (for RFLoad < 12%)
DCS1800 85% of cells have more TRX than recommended (for RFLoad < 12%)

BCCH/ Hop % bad RxQual
BCCH (RxQual > 4) 10.4%
Hopping (RxQual > 5) 13.0%
46
FH field trial - 1x1 vs 1x3
4 Motivation for 1x3: network has a regular pattern
4 QoS Results

4 Drive tests results
4 Conclusion:
reduction of Quality HO
increase of Level HO
no significant modification for other QoS indicators or in QVoice
measurements
Indicator 1x1 1x3
Better cell HO 90,000
47%
90,000
47%
Quality HO 47,500
24%
44,000
23%
Level HO 50000
27%
53,000
28%
Bad RxQual - before Bad RxQual - after
16.7% 15.2%
47
FH field trial - BBH
4 Motivation:
TCH TRX using 1x1 have RxQual worse than BCCH
more frequencies for BCCH
Using the BCCH band reduces the network RFLoad
Call Drops on the BCCH frequencies, due to interference can be
reduced by hopping
4 BBH combines the benefits of
intelligent frequency planning
frequency hopping
4 BBH was applied only for one BSC
48
FH field trial - BBH Results
4 QoS results

4 Drive tests
results
QoS indicators 1x1 Baseband
hopping
Obs
SDCCH drop 1.2% 0.8% Significant improvement
RTCH assign fail 0.6% 0.4% Significant improvement,
showing clearly a reduction of
interference
Call-drop 1.1% 0.9% Significant improvement
Handover
success rate
96.2% 96.4% Improvement more visible in
some other BSCs
HO causes Better-cell: 43%
Qual HO: 34%
Level HO: 19%
Better-cell: 41%
Qual HO: 32%
Level HO: 22%
Reduction of Qual HO with BBH
Interference
bands
(% in band 900)
54% 61% Improvement is visible with BBH
HO/call 0.64 0.58 Reduction with BBH even more
visible in other BSCs: shows
improvement in Voice Quality

Hopping 1x1

Baseband
Hopping
VQ good 88.9% 90.8%
VQ sufficient 6.7% 6.8%
VQ bad 4.4% 2.6%

49
FH field trial - BBH Conclusion
4 Clear reduction of network interference: real reduction of
SDDCH drop
RTCH assign fail
Call Drop
4 Reduction of HO/call
4 QVoice measurements showed improvement
4 Due to good results, BBH was generalized for entire network (19
BSCs):
SDCCH drop: 1.1% -> 0.8%
RTCH assign fail: 0.5% -> 0.3%
Call-drop: 1.2% -> 1.0%
HO Success Rate 96.8% -> 97.5%
Call Success Rate: 97.2% -> 97.9%
Hard Blocking / Soft Blocking
51
Hard blocking
4 Hard blocking is determined by the amount of available
channels
4 This type of blocking occurs in conventional traffic systems,
with a low interference probability
4 The blocking is defined by the blocking probability, e.g.
P
block
=2%
4 With hard blocking, mobiles will not get access to the network,
since all channels are in use (100% traffic load)
52
The maximum capacity in a system is defined as the limit, where either the hard
blocking or the soft blocking limit is reached
Soft blocking
4 Soft blocking occurs due to high interference or due to an
unacceptable call drop rate
4 This type of blocking occurs in a network design with a low reuse
cluster size, resulting in a high level of interference
4 The soft blocking limit can be defined by the traffic load, at which the
quality in the network becomes unacceptable e.g. when 10% of the
mobiles will suffer from a C/I < C/I
Thr
or when the call drop rate
reaches 5%
4 With increasing traffic load, the capacity will be limited due to soft
blocking before the hard blocking limit is reached (traffic load
<100%).
53
DTX Discontinuous Transmission
PC Power Control
Usage of Power Control and DTX
4 DTX and PC (used only by TCH carriers) reduce interference
Capacity increase possible with remaing QoS figures
In non hopping systems,
"bad" communications take much advantage from PC and DTX
"good" communications do not see any improvement
In hopping systems, due to interferer diversity, all
communications will experience an improvement
4 Hopping networks with ARCS < 9 are limited by softblocking
Any interference reducing feature is more effective in such a
system
4 PC and DTX in UL and DL are recommended especially for hopping
networks!
Simulation Results
55
FH Performance Simulation - Description
4 The next slides present the results of a hopping performance
investigation done with the Alcatel Radio Network Planning Tool
A9155
4 Two different approaches are used to determine the softblocking
limit:
Softblocking defined by the traffic load at which 10 % of the
mobiles suffer from an C/I < C/I
thr
Softblocking defined by the traffic load at which the call drop
rate reaches 5 %
56
4 Considering softblocking based on C/I
? What is the achievable capacity when 10% of all MS suffer
from a C/I < C/I
thr
?
4 Parameters: BW=36, (hard)blocking=2%, 8 TCH per TRX
Considering DTX, PC, HO, GSM signal processing:
4 BUT: Call drop rate for the <1x3> design rises up to 16%!
Configuration
<1x3> <3x3> <4x3>
Capacity (Erl/Site) 86.4 71.1 49.8
Gain comp. to <4x3> +74% +42% +0%
C/I Simulation (1)
57
ARCS >= 12:
Hard blocking
related

ARCS = 9:
Hardblo
cking =
Softblocking

ARCS < 9:
Soft blocking
related
C: 45Erl
D: 20Erl
A: 49.8Erl
E: 86.4Erl=+74%
16% Call drop
B: 71.1Erl=+42%
0
50
100
150
200
250
3 6 9 12
ARCS
E
r
l
a
n
g

p
e
r

3

s
e
c
t
o
r

s
i
t
e

Hard Block.
Soft Block/No Hopping
Soft Block/Hopping
C/I Simulation (2)
58
C/I Simulation (3)
4 Nonhopping:
The hardblocking limit would be reached at ARCS of 12
(traffic load=100%)
4 Hopping:
The hardblocking limit still can be reached at a ARCS of 9,
meaning that the C/I or the call drop rate is still below the
threshold (traffic load=100%)
If the ARCS is 3 and the traffic load has reached 30% of the
theoretical available hardware capacity, we can see, that the
softblocking limit with a "too" bad quality can be reached
The increased call drop rate is also based on the fact, that
the used PC and HO algorithm were very simple
HO is based on distance only, thus with an according quality
based emergency HO the call drop rate can further be
reduced.
59
C/I Simulation (4)
4 The simulation does not take into account real
topography,morphology etc.
4 4*3 and 3*3: capacity can be calculated manually, soft block not
reached
49.8 Erl/3 sector site = 16.63 Erl/sector *3 sectors/site
16.63 Erl : from Erl table with 24 (3*8) channels and GOS=2%
4 1*3 case: capacity can not be calculated manually, soft blocking is
reached (hardblocking would lead to 3*84.1=252 Erl per site for 12
(TRX) *8 slots = 96 channels per sector at 2%block)
4 But due to the soft block (interference), the real capacity is lower
Simplification: No signalling considered
60
C/I Simulation (5)
4 Bandwidth=constant in the example
4 Idea of fractional loading:
Since at a ARCS of 3 the softblocking limit is reached and
only 30% of a <1x3> HW will be used, it is certainly not
cost effective to install all the HW if 70% of the hardware
is unused. Thus the amount of TRX is lower then the
amount of hopping frequencies
Fractional reuse (ARCS, FARCS) only possible with RFH
4 Summary: Optimum in terms of capacity could be achieved
with an ARCS of 1x3
61
Call drop Simulation (1)
4 Considering Softblocking based on Call Drop Rate of 5% or
hardblocking limit is reached
What is the capacity when 5% of all calls will drop?
More suitable definition of softblocking for an operator
compared to the "C/I" criteria
4 Same simulation conditions as in previous example
4 Best results are achieved with the <3x3> reuse scheme

4 But: no quality based handover considered in simulation
4 Reduced call drop rate in reality can be expected
62
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
<1x1> <1x3> <3x3> <4x3>
Configuration
E
r
l
a
n
g

p
e
r

s
i
t
e

Call drop Simulation (2)
4 Best solution when taking
into account the call drop
rate as the softblocking limit
is achieved with ARCS of 9.
4 The hardblocking limit still
could be reached: Capacity
increase here: 42%, but
when taking into account
the BCCH with an ARCS of
12, only 30% can be
achieved.
Max. Capacity with softblocking based on call drop rate of 5%

63
Conclusion on Simulations
4 System simulations show:
"C/I" simulation: best result with the <1x3> scheme, but with
an increased amount of call drops
"Call drop" simulation: <3x3> reuse scheme is the optimum

Therefore for a first introduction, N
TRX
=N
Hop
should be used,
aiming at an ARCS of 9 for the TCH
30% capacity increase, taking into account a BCCH with
ARCS of 12 in a typical scenario
4 Further reduction of the ARCS has to be evaluated in a second
step with N
TRX
<N
hop
, while monitoring the call drop rate and
interference (softblocking starts)
Frequency Planning in Hopping Networks
Frequency Planning in Hopping Networks
Introduction
66
A9155 FH planning strategy
4 AFP - Automatic Frequency Planning
4 Several frequencies can be assigned to one carrier
4 1*1 and 1*3 fractional reuse supported
4 HSN and MAIO allocation done automatically
4 Absolute calculated interference value is taken into account during
frequency assignment
Aim: Minimize the cost! The cost includes violation of channel
separation, interference etc.
67
Required number of Frequencies
4 Investigations show, that most benefit is taken from FH when
hopping over at least 4 frequencies!
TU3
TU50
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
number of frequencies in hopping sequence
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d

C
/
I

(
d
B
)
TU3
TU50
For slow moving mobiles, the benefit of FH is much bigger!

Remark: TU3 = Typical Urban Environment with an average mobile speed of 3 km/h
TU50 = Typical Urban Environment with an average mobile speed of 50 km/h

Frequency Planning of Hopping Networks
Fractional Reuse
69
Reuse Cluster Size Definition for FH
4 The classical definition of the Reuse Cluster Size is:
The definition of the Reuse Cluster Size for RFH conditions is:
cell per TRX of amount Average
Bandwidth
ARCS
cell per s Frequencie of amount Average
Bandwidth
FARCS
FARCS = Fractional Average Reuse Cluster Size
70
Examples for ARCS
4 ARCS
27 frequencies for TCH TRXs
3 TCH TRXs in average per cell
9
3
27
/ #

cell TRX
B
ARCS
Example: Group planning with 9
frequency groups, 3
frequencies each
A1
A3
A2 B1 B2
B3
A1 A2
A3
B2
B3
B1
C2
C3
C1 B2 B1
B3
A1 A2
A3
71
Examples of FARCS (1)
4 FARCS
3 hopping groups with 9
frequencies each
1 hopping group per cell
3
9
27
/ #

cell f
B
FARCS
REUSE 1*3
Example:
3 frequency groups, 9 frequencies
each
A
C
B A B
C
A B
C
B
C
A
B
C
A B A
C
A B
C
72
Examples of FARCS (2)
4 FARCS
1 hopping group with 27
frequencies
same hopping group on each
cell
1
27
27
/ #

cell f
B
FARCS
REUSE 1*1
Example:
1 frequency group including all
27 frequencies
A
A
A
A A
A
A A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A A A
A
A
A
A
Frequency Planning of Hopping Networks
Creating Hopping Groups
74
The GSM Hopping Sequence Generator
4 External Parameters which can be modified by operator
MA Mobile Allocation
MAI Mobile Allocation Index
MAIO Mobile Allocation Index Offset
FHS Frequency Hopping Sequence
HSN Hopping Sequence Number
4 Internal Parameters which cannot be modified
T1, T1R, T2, T3 GSM internal timers
FN Frame Number
75
MA
MAI ARFCN
1
2
3
0
4
... ...
2
5
12
7
6
MA - Mobile Allocation
4 The MA is the look up table that is
giving the relation between the
different MAI numbers and the
corresponding ARFCN.
Range:
The look up table has N lines.
N is the number of
frequencies used in the
hopping sequence (hopping
group)
76
Selection of hopping channels acc. to MA
4 Overall speech quality improved in relation with frequency
management
4 During the channel assignment procedure, the BSC will take into
account the MA of the channels before allocating the resource
4 The MA gives the number of frequencies over which the target
channel hops: the bigger it is, the better the quality can be expected
4 Hence, the BSC will select preferably the channels with the biggest
MA
77
MAI - Mobile Allocation Index
4 The MAI is an index number, which allows to determine the correct
line in the MA look up table to find the corresponding ARFCN.
4 Range: 0 .. N-1

4 Note: N is the number of frequencies used in the hopping sequence.
78
MAIO - Mobile Allocation Index Offset
4 The MAIO is selectable for each timeslot and each TRX separately
4 The MAIO is constant on the TRX but it changes between the FU
4 Due to the fact, that normally for each timeslot within one TRX the
same FHS is used, there is no need to change the MAIO from
timeslot to timeslot. Therefore the MAIO is constant on the TRX.
4 It is a number that is added to the calculated MAI to avoid intra-site
collisions due to co or adjacent channel usage.
4 Range: 0 .. N-1 (max. 63)
79
MAIO - BBH Example (1)
TS 0 TS 1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7
FU 1 BCCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
fhs_id, maio freq 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0
FU 2 TCH SD/ 8 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
fhs_id, maio 2, 0 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1
FU 3 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
fhs_id, maio 2, 1 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2
fhs_id, maio 2, 2 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3
80
MA
MAI ARFCN
1
2
3
0
F2
F3
F4
F1
E.g. MAI = 1 calculated
MAIO=2
F4 is used
MAIO - Example (2)
4 E.g. a TRX has the MAIO 2
4 Frequencies used on this TRX: f1, f2, f3 ,f4
4 The frequency hopping generator creates the MAI sequence
3,0,1,2,1,1,3,0,2,
4 The hopping sequence will be:
f2, f3, f4,f1,f4,f4,f2,f3,f1,...
81
FHS - Frequency Hopping Sequence
4 The FHS is the set of frequencies (max. 63) to be used in the
hopping sequence (frequency hopping group). It is given by the
operator and can be different for each timeslot and each TRX of
each cell
TS 0 TS 1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7
FU 1 bc/ sd4
or
bcch
TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
fhs_id, maio freq 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0
FU 2 TCH SD/ 8 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
fhs_id, maio 2, 0 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1
fhs_id, maio 2, 1 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2
fhs_id, maio 2, 2 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3
FHS_ID = 1: all associated frequencies of the BTS are used
FHS_ID = 2: all associated frequencies of the BTS except BCCH frequency are used
(BCCH in TS 0 have to stay on its fixed frequency)
82
Extended Frequency Hopping Sequence
4 Since release B5.1, FHS can be extended up to 63 frequencies
4 SDCCH and TCH (Traffic channels) can hop on up to 63 frequencies
in a cell
4 As the GSM standard does not allow CBCH (Common Broadcast
Channel used for SMS-CB) to hop on such a high number of
frequencies, the operator can configure the frequency hopping
system in two different ways, depending on his decision to make the
CBCH hop or not
83
SMS-CB with/without hopping CBCH
4 Hopping CBCH
All FHS (Frequency Hopping Sequence) of the different
channels (CBCH, SDCCH, TCH) have an upper limit of 16
frequencies (for both bands)
4 Non-hopping CBCH (or if there is no SMS-CB)
in GSM 900: SDCCH and TCH can hop on up to 63 frequencies.
In GSM 1800, the GSM standard limits the number of
frequencies which can be used for SDCCH channels to an
upper limit which depends on the span in the cell. The span
represents the shift between the higher frequency used in the
cell and the lower frequency
84
Non hopping SMS-CB with hopping TCHs
4 The maximum number of frequencies in the hopping sequence for
GSM 1800 cells is defined in the table below
Span in the cell Max number of frequencies in the FHS
up to 22.5 MHz 63
from 22.5 up to 25.5 MHz 28
from 25.5 up 51 MHz 21
from 51 up 75 MHz 17
85
HSN - Hopping Sequence Number
4 The HSN is one of 4 input parameters to the GSM hopping
sequence generator algorithm (see GSM Rec: 05.02).
4 Range: 0 .. 63
4 HSN = 0 means cyclic hopping!
4 The values 1 to 63 are so called Pseudo Random Hopping
Sequence Numbers. Their usage forces the hopping sequence
generator algorithm to determine MAIs randomly. Due to the fact,
that only the GSM internal timers T1R, T2 and T3 are additional
input to this algorithm, their period is also the period of the hopping
sequence
86
T1, T1R, T2, T3 - GSM internal timers
4 Ranges of the timers:
T1: 0 .. 2047
T1R: 0 .. 63 (T1R = T1 modulo 64)
T2: 0 .. 25
T3: 0 .. 50
4 T2 and T3 are triggered every 8 timeslots (1 TDMA Frame). When
both timers switch back to 0, T1 (and T1R) is triggered (that is every
26*51= 1326 TDMA Frames).
4 In the GSM hopping sequence algorithm the timers T1R, T2 and T3
are used. This is leading to a period of 64*26*51-1 = 84863 for the
MAI sequence (hopping sequence)
87
Note: Duration of one TS 577 s
FN - Frame Number
4 It is incremented after every TDMA frame (8 timeslots)
4 At each FN increment, timers T1, T1R, T2, T3 are impacted,
however only T1R, T2, T3 determine the periodicity of the MAI
sequence (hopping sequence)
4 FN periodicity is 26*51*2048-1 = 2 715 647 TDMA frames
4 Each frame has a duration of apporx. 4.62 ms
4 The absolute time from FN 0 to next time FN 0 is accordingly:
2 715 647 * (8*577 s) = 3h 28min 53 s
88
Hopping Sequence Generation - Diagram
4 With the before shown parameters,
the used absolute frequency can
be determined
MA MAIO HSN T1 T2 T3
Algorithm specified in
GSM Rec. 05.02
ARFCN = MA(MAI)
Press for
demonstration
89
The Period of the Hopping Sequence
4 Timer T1R is only increased, when T2 and T3 switch back to zero at
the same time (every 1326 TDMA frames)!
4 The total period of the 3 timers T1R, T2, T3 (=duration of FHS):
64*26*51-1 = 84863 TDMA frames 6min 32sec
4 This means, that even if we select the same HSN on two different
(not synchronised I.e no common master clock) sites, they have a
probability of
1/84863 = 1.18*10-6
to use the same frame number.
If they have different frame numbers, the order of the used hopping
frequencies is uncorrelated
90
New understanding of reuse
4 A reuse of A X B means, that A sites belong to the same reuse
cluster and B frequency groups are used on this site.
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
C
B
A
C
B
Re-use 1x3 Re-use 1x1
91
Co-cell / co-site constraints max RF load
4 Co-cell constraint 2 channels spacing (ETSI recommends 3, but
with Alcatel EVOLIUM capabilities this value can be set to 2)
4 Co-site constraint 2 channels spacing
4 As on the same site the minimum distance between two frequencies
is 2, only every second frequency of a band of consecutive
frequencies can be used
4 This is leading to a effective usage of the spectrum resources of
maximum 50%
4 These 50% are the so called maximum RF load on the site
92
Max RF Load
4 The max RF load within a cell can be calculated according the
following formula:

4 This maximum RF load is only achieved, if all TRXs within the cell
are fully loaded!
4 If the TRXs are only fractional loaded, the effective RF load is much
lower!
Cell s Frequencie
Cell TRX
load RF
/ #
/ #
max
93
% 7 . 16
12
2
. max load RF
% 50
4
2
. max load RF
Max RF Load - Examples
4 3 sector site, 12 hopping frequencies, 2 hopping TRX per sector

1*1 reuse:

1*3 reuse:

These values (16.7% and 50%) are the theoretical maximum
achivable RF loads for the two cases.
This is due to the fact, that a consecutive frequency band is
assumed and thus due to inter cell constraint of 2 channels
spacing only every second frequency can be used at the same
time
94
Real RF Load
4 The real RF load within a cell can be calculated according the
following formula:

4 Only active timeslots contributes to the RF Load
4 Average number of active timeslots are given by the traffic capacity,
in Erlang
4 RF Load can be reduced due to the features BCCH TRX Marking
(since B5.2) or TRX Prioritized Preference Quality Control (since
B6.2)
8 * ) / # (
/ A #
Cell s Frequencie
Cell timeslots ctive
load RF real
95
4 3 sector site, 12 hopping frequencies, 2 hopping TRX per sector
4 BCCH TRX Marking is used, therefore BCCH carrier is preffered to
be filled by traffic
4 3 TRX -> 14.896 Erlang, 2% blocking probability
4 14.896 timeslots active during the busy hour. The remaining 7.104
timeslots guarantee a blocking probability of 2%
4 The average timeslots active on hopping carrier is then
14.896 timeslots - 6 timeslots on first carrier = 8.896 active timeslots 1*1
reuse:
1*1 reuse:

1*3 reuse
% 26 . 9
12 * 8
896 . 8
load RF real
% 8 . 27
4 * 8
896 . 8
load RF real
Real RF Load - Examples
96
Real RF-load
4 Proposed max. values:
Reuse
scheme
Service target Real RF load
marginal service quality (theoretical upper limit for
synchronized hopping)
50 % 1 x 3
service quality comparable to conventional systems 30 % 35 %
marginal service quality (theoretical upper limit for
synchronized hopping)
16.6 % 1 x 1
service quality comparable to conventional systems 10 %
97
Real RF Load with Directed Retry and Fast
Traffic Handover
4 The efficiency of TRX is increased by these features
4 The same number of timeslots can carry a higher amount of traffic
with the same blocking probability
4 The interference in the network is increased
4 Therefore the <<max>> Real RF Load has to be reduced when
these features are used
4 It is preferred to use these kind of features, even it lead to a reduced
RF Load instead of having a high RF Load without these features
98
Inter site constraints
4 The maximum RF load is just a theoretical value, up to which we can
avoid violating the co-cell and co-site constraints
4 The real RF load of a cell (e.g. the traffic in Erlang handled by the
hopping carriers) is the real indicator for the interferer potential of the
cell
4 With increasing number of used hopping TS, the probability of
having a collission with a used TS of another cell using the same
hopping frequencies is increasing
99
Traffic / Interference relation - Examples
4 Which scenario interferes most to your communication (yellow)?
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3
TRX1
TRX2
TRX3
TRX4
TS ^ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TRX1
TRX2
TRX3
TRX4
TS ^ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TRX1
TRX2
TRX3
TRX4
TS ^ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TRX1
TRX2
TRX3
TRX4
TS ^ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TRX1
TRX2
TRX3
TRX4
TS ^ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TRX1
TRX2
TRX3
TRX4
TS ^ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Assumptions: Cells not syncronized, cells using same hopping frequencies, BCCH not included
I
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
r

S
e
r
v
e
r

100
Creating Hopping sequences
4 The following slides show, how new frequency hopping groups can
be generated and how the MAIO is assigned to the different TRXs
within the cell
4 Keep in mind the two GSM constraints
2 channels spacing between the frequencies on air at the same
time within one cell (only Alcatel EVOLIUM equipment)
2 channels spacing between the frequencies on air at the same
time within one site
4 Assumptions:
12 consecutive frequencies available (1..12)
excluding BCCH frequencies
101
Fractional
Reuse 1*2, 1*3,
1*x
102
1*3 reuse (1)
4 Before we create new groups, we have
to keep two things in mind:
The RF-load of 50% is not possible
with consecutive frequencies in the
FHS
50% RF-load is only possible when
all odd or all even frequencies are
on air at the same time ^ same
amount of odd and even
frequencies in each group
1 4 7 10
2 5 8 11
3 6 9 12
Cell A
Cell B
Cell C
Group A: 1,4,7,10
Group B: 2,5,8,11
Group C: 3,6,9,12
103
1*3 reuse (2)
4 To avoid violating the GSM constarints, MAIOs have to be defined
for each TRX of the site.
1 4 7 10 1 4 7
2 5 8 11 2 5 8
3 6 9 12 3 6 9
Cell A
Cell B
Cell C
MAI = 0
.
.
.
Frequency used by TRX 1
Frequency used by TRX 2
MAIO settings:

Group A: 0,2

Group B: 1,3

Group C: 0,2
104
1*3 reuse (3)
4 In a hopping group with 4 frequencies, the MAIs 0 to 3 are possible to
be generated by the hopping sequence generator
1 4 7 10 1 4 7
2 5 8
11 2 5 8
3 6 9 12 3 6 9
Cell A
Cell B
Cell C
1 4 7 10 1 4 7
2 5 8 11 2 5 8
3 6 9 12 3 6 9
Cell A
Cell B
Cell C
1 4 7 10 1 4 7
2 5 8 11 2 5 8
3 6 9 12 3 6 9
Cell A
Cell B
Cell C
1 4 7 10 1 4 7
2 5 8 11 2 5 8
3 6 9 12 3 6 9
Cell A
Cell B
Cell C
MAI = 0
MAI = 3 MAI = 1
MAI = 2
Assumption:
MAIOs are as defined
before

Group A: 0,2
Group B: 1,3
Group C: 0,2
105
1*3 reuse (4)
4 For each frequency group we have an own MA table
4 With the group allocation from before, we get:
MAI ARFCN
MA - Group B
1
2
3
2
5
8
11
0
MAI ARFCN
MA - Group A
1
2
3
1
4
7
10
0
MAI ARFCN
MA - Group C
1
2
3
3
6
9
12
0
106
1*2 reuse (1)
4 On a two sector site we may have only 2 frequency groups and
therefore only an 1*2 reuse.
4 In a first step we allocate the frequencies according to the allocation
scheme known from the 1*3 reuse
Group A
Group B
2 4 6 8 10 12
1 3 5 7 9 11
Problem: For max. possible RF load, all odd or even must be
on air at the same time. This is not possible in this case, as
all odd frequencies are in group A and all even in group B
107
1*2 reuse (2)
4 To have an equal distribution between odd and even frequencies
within one frequency group, we change every second frequency
Group A
Group B
2 4 6 8 10 12
1 3 5 7 9 11
Group A
Group B
2 3 6 7 10 11
1 4 5 8 9 12
To be done: MAIO assignment!
108
1*2 reuse (3)
4 To assign MAIOs we assume the FN 0, and circle as many
frequencies as TRXs are using this group. The circeled frequencies
must fulfil the GSM intra site and intra cell constraint
1 4 5 8
2 3 6 7
Cell A
Cell B
9
10 11
12
MAIO TRX 1
MAIO TRX 2
MAIO TRX 3
109
1*4 - Exercise
4 The frequencies 1..24 are available (excluding BCCH freq.)
4 4 sectors on the site
4 3 TRXs are hopping in each cell
4 Cells are syncronized in terms of FN
Create Hopping Groups and assign MAIOs!
110
Fractional Reuse
1*1
111
Reuse 1*1 - 3 sector site
4 In the reuse 1 case, we use all available frequencies (1..12) on each
cell of the site
4 Intra site collisions are only avoided by the MAIO assignment
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
Cell A
Cell B
5
5 6
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 3 4 Cell C 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
... .... ... .... ......
..........................
MAIO of TRX 1
MAIO of TRX 2
112
Reuse 1*1 - 2 sector site
4 On a 2 sector site with 12 frequencies of course 3 TRXs per cell are
possible
6 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
5
5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12
7 8 9 10 11 12
Cell A
Cell B
MAIO of TRX 1
MAIO of TRX 2
MAIO of TRX 3
113
Reuse 1*1 - Exercise
4 The frequencies 1..24 are available
4 4 sectors on the site
4 4 TRXs are hopping in each cell
4 Cells are syncronized in terms of FN
Create Hopping Groups and assign MAIOs!
114
Summary: 1*2/1*3/1*4/
1
2
Cell A
Cell B
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
3
...
Cell C
Cell ...
1 4
2 3
Cell A
Cell B
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
1
2
Cell A
Cell B
3
...
Cell C
Cell ...
....... .......
.......
.......
.......
.......
MAIO TRX 1
MAIO TRX 2
MAIO TRX 3
MAIO
0 2 3 4 5 1
Cell A
Cell B
Cell C
Cell D
.......
T
R
X

1

T
R
X

2

T
R
X

3

T
R
X

.
.
.
.

0
1
0
1
2
3
2
3
4
5
4
..... ....... ..... .......
..... .......
.......
.......
.......
Only
necessary, if
the number of
frequency
groups id
even
Rotate the
frequencies
through the
cells
Assign
MAIOs
according to
the standard
scheme for
Reuse 1*X
115
Summary: 1*1
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
Cell A
Cell B
5
5 6
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 3 4 Cell C 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
... .... ... .... ......
..........................
MAIO of TRX 1
MAIO of TRX 2
Cell A
Cell B
Cell C
.....
.......
T
R
X

1

T
R
X

2

T
R
X

3

T
R
X

.
.
.
.

0
2
4
x+2
x+4
2x+4
....
....
2x+2
.......
..... .......
..... .......
.......
.......
.......
x
....
....
Rotate the
MAIOs
through the cells
Standard MAIO
assignment for
Reuse 1*1
116
FH parameter relation to Hardware - 1*3
FN
(T1R, T2, T3)
(0 84863)
HSN
(0 63)
Frequency Hopping
Sequence A
(e.g. 1,4,7,10)
Sector 1
Frequency Hopping
Sequence B
(e.g. 2,5,8,11)
Sector 2
Frequency Hopping
Sequence C
(e.g. 3,6,9,12)
Sector 3
MAIO (e.g. 2)
Hopping TRX 2
Site Cells TRXs
MAIO (e.g. 0)
Hopping TRX 1
MAIO (e.g. 1)
Hopping TRX 1
MAIO (e.g. 3)
Hopping TRX 2
MAIO (e.g. 2)
Hopping TRX 2
MAIO (e.g. 0)
Hopping TRX 1
117
FH parameter relation to Hardware - 1*1
FN
(T1R, T2, T3)
(0 84864)
HSN
(0 63)
Sector 1
Frequency Hopping
Sequence
(e.g. 1,2,3,4,5,
6,7,8,10,11,12)
Sector 2
Sector 3
Site Cells TRXs
MAIO (e.g. 6)
Hopping TRX 2
MAIO (e.g. 0)
Hopping TRX 1
MAIO (e.g. 2)
Hopping TRX 1
MAIO (e.g. 8)
Hopping TRX 2
MAIO (e.g. 10)
Hopping TRX 2
MAIO (e.g. 4)
Hopping TRX 1
118
Alcatel BTS - Hopping concepts
4 A910 (M4M) - Evolium Micro BTS
RFH possible for each non BCCH TRX
(max. 4 TRX within one sector)
4 A9110-E (M5M) Micro Base Station
BBH
RFH for each non BCCH TRX
4 A9100 - Evolium Macro BTS
BBH
RFH for each non BCCH TRX

119
Implementation of Frequency Plan to the
OMC-R
4 Directly using OMC-R
Frequencies are implemented manually in the OMC-R
Used for small networks
4 Using External Tools
A9156 RNO or Excel edit of PRC files (for small changes)
Particularly A9155 RNP offers its A9155 PRC Generator Module to
upload the frequency plan to the OMC-R (for massive changes)

Number of Cells Time Estimation using
OMC-R
Time Estimation using
external tool
10 1h22' 1h22'
100 4h24' 4h26'
500 17h50' 17h58'
1000 34h38' 34h55'
2000 68h14' 68h49'

Frequency Hopping Parameters
121
BSS and CAE parameters
4 In the hopping case, RXQUAL does not reflect the real quality in the
network as explained before
4 To overcome this problem, Offsets are applied to RXQUAL
dedendent parameters
Offset_Hopping_PC influences
L_RXQUAL_UL_P
L_RXQUAL_DL_P
Offset_Hopping_HO influences
L_RXQUAL_UL_H
L_RXQUAL_DL_H
122
Default Parameters for SFH
4 Find hereafter the parameters which are different within hopping
networks
Offset_Hopping_PC = 1.0
Offset_Hopping_HO = 1.0
HO_INTRACELL_ALLOWED = DISABLED
Note: Resolution of Offset_Hopping_XX is 0.1 since B6.2
123
Quality indicator for FH (1)
4 The RXQUAL calculation takes only the BER before de-
interleaving into account
The benefit of FH is not visible in RXQUAL
The higher probability to get into a fading notch (but for a
shorter time) is leading to a worse RXQUAL then without
hopping, except the non hopping frequency would be in a
fading notch at this location
4 FER - Frame Erasure Rate
is counted after de-interleaving
takes higher error correction possibilities due to FH into
account
124
Quality indicator for FH (2)
4 Principle of quality indicator calculation within the mobile
DEMOD DECODER
ENCODER
Frame Erasure Decision
Voice
Decoder
RXQUAL
Frame Erasure Rate
FER
Deinterleave
Error
correct.
Inside the mobile station Air
-
125
Influence of FH on RXQUAL
-
1
1
0

-
1
0
6

-
1
0
2

RXQUAL_DL = f (RXLEV_DL)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-
9
8

-
9
4

-
9
0

-
8
6

-
8
2

-
7
8

-
7
4

-
7
0

-
6
6

-
6
2

-
5
8

-
5
4

-
5
0

Without Hopping
With Hopping
R
X
Q
U
A
L

RXLEV [dBm]
4 Subjective speech quality is
good with RXQUAL=5
approximately:

RXQUAL(FH)
=
RXQUAL(no FH) + 1
Offset_Hopping_PC and
Offset_Hopping_HO are
introduced for correcting this
error.
Resolution : 0.1
Min value : 0; Max value : 7
126
FH implementation via OMC-R (1)
4 One of the tasks of the OMC-R is the management of relationships
between a cell and its neighbouring cells in the network
4 In the OMC-R it is done by the logical configuration management
4 For example, it enables you to:
Radio configuration including frequency allocation, frequency
hopping schemes, TRX and logical channel configuration
PC/HO parameters
Import/Export

127
FH impl. via OMC-R (2)
4 B8 TRX configuration

Selecting hopping mode and MAIO
128
FH impl. via OMC-R 1353-RA (3)
4 B8 Frequency Allocation and FHS definition
Selecting HSN
Selecting
cell
hopping
type
129
FH Summary
4 Main benefits of frequency hopping are:
frequency diversity
interference diversity
4 BBH is recommended since combines an intelligent frequency plan
and frequency hopping benefits
4 RFH
used when the capacity increase is not possible with BBH
fractional reuse allows cluster reduction
key parameters ARE
real traffic load
the level of interference
should be used in well planned and optimized networks
quality can be improved while using it with DTX and PC
130
What about Your network?
4 How to start?
4 Frequency Band and its subdivision
4 Special Cells (micro-cells, concentric cells)
4 Hopping useful?BBH or RFH?
4 Problems (RF load, interference)/Solutions

Open Discussion

RNP Extension: Prerequisites: Radio Network Engineering Fundamentals

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

RNP Extension: Prerequisites: Radio Network Engineering Fundamentals

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Mobile Radio Network Planning 1

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi