Group 4

Leader
Christopher G. Libiran

Members
Danica Mary Balandra Freda Mae Bobadilla Yasmin Angelie Concepcion

Integumentary System
The integumantary system contains the largest organ

in the human body, the skin. It is also comprised of such extensions of the skin as hair and fingernails. The skin, however, is the most important of these. The skin protects and cushions the body's delicate organs. It also provides the body a physical barrier to keep out foreign materials and to prevent the body from drying out. The skin is made of three separate layers, each with its own particular function.

Layers of the skin

The integumentary system is the largest organ system.

In humans, this system accounts for about 16 percent of total body weight and covers 1.5-2m2 of surface area . It distinguishes, separates, protects and informs the regard to its surroundings. Small-bodied invertebrates of aquatic or continually moist habitats respire using the outer layer (integument). This gas exchange system, where gases simply diffuse into and out of the interstitial fluid, is called integumentary exchange.

 The human skin (integumentary) is composed of a

minimum of 3 major layers of tissue, the Epidermis, the Dermis and Hypodermis. The Dermis comprises two sections, the Papillary and Reticular layers; they contain connective tissues, vessels, glands, follicles, hair roots, sensory nerve endings, and muscular tissue. The third layer is the Hypodermis and it is made up of adipose tissue.

Epidermis
This is the top layer of skin made up of epithelial cells. It

does not contain blood vessels. Its main function is protection, absorption of nutrients, and homeostasis. In structure, it consists of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium comprising four types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Langerhans' cells. The major cell of the epidermis is the keratinocyte, which produces keratin. Keratin is a fibrous protein that aids in protection. Keratin is also a water-proofing protein. Millions of dead keratinocytes rub off daily. The majority of the skin on the body is keratinized, meaning waterproofed. The only skin on the body that is non-keratinized is the lining of skin on the inside of the mouth. Non-keratinized cells allow water to "stay" atop the structure.

 The protein keratin stiffens epidermal tissue to form

fingernails. Nails grow from thin area called the nail matrix; growth of nails is 1-mm per week on average. The lunula is the crescent-shape area at the base of the nail, this is a lighter colour as it mixes with the matrix cells.

Dermis
The dermis is the middle layer of skin, composed of

dense irregular connective tissues such as collagen with elastin arranged in a diffusely bundled and woven pattern. These layers serve to give elasticity to the integument, allowing stretching and conferring flexibility, while also resisting distortions, wrinkling, and sagging. The dermal layer provides a site for the endings of blood vessels and nerves. Many chromatophores are also stored in this layer, as are the bases of integumental structures such as hair, feathers, and glands.

Hypodermis
Although technically not part of the integumentary

system, the hypodermis, or subcutaneous tissue, is the layer of tissue directly underneath the dermis. It is composed mainly of connective and adipose tissue. Its physiological functions include insulation, the storage of energy, and aiding in the anchoring of the skin. This is the thickest layer of the integumentary system.

Functions
The integumentary system has multiple roles in

homeostasis . All body systems work in an interconnected manner to maintain the internal conditions essential to the function of the body. The skin has an important job of protecting the body and acts as the bodys first line of defense against infection, temperature change, and other challenges to homeostasis. Functions include: Protect the bodys internal living tissues and organs *Protect against invasion by infectious organisms Protect the body from dehydration

 Help excrete waste materials through perspiration Act as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and

cold (see Somatosensory system) Protect the body against sunburns by secreting melanin Generate vitamin D through exposure to ultraviolet light Store water, fat, glucose, and vitamin D Maintenance of the body form Formation of new cells from stratum germinativum to repair minor injuries Aid in physical examination as color of the skin may indicate many conditions e.g.it becomes yellowish in jaundice

The integument as an organ:

The integument as an organ, and is an

alternative name for skin. The integumentary system includes the skin and the skin derivatives hair, nails, and glands. The integument is the bodys largest organ and accounts for 15% of body weight.

The derivatives of the integument:

Hair: functions include protection & sensing light

touch. Hair is composed of columns of dead, keratinized cells bound together by extracellular proteins. Hair has two main sections: The shaft- superficial portion that extends out of the skin and the root- portion that penetrates into the dermis. Surrounding the root of the hair is the hair follicle. At the base of the hair follicle is an onion-shaped structure called the bulb Papilla of the hair and the matrix within the bulb produce new hair.

 Nails: participate in the grasp & handling of small

things. Nails are plates of tightly packed, hard, keratinized epidermal cells. The nail consists of: nail root: -the portion of the nail under the skin, nail body: -the visible pink portion of the nail, the white crescent at the base of the nail is the lunula, the hyponychium secures the nail to the finger, the cuticle or eponychium is a narrow band around the proximal edge of the nail and free edge: -the white end that may extend past the finger.

 Glands: participate in regulating body temperature.

There are three main types of glands associated with the integument: Sebaceous - Oil glands. Located in the dermis, and secrete sebum. Sudoriferous - Sweat glands. Divided into two main types:
Eccrine - Most common, main function is regulation of

body temperature by evaporation, and Apocrine - Responsible for cold sweat associated with stress.

Ceruminous Lie in subcutaneous tissue below the

dermis, secrete cerumen (ear wax) into ear canal or sebaceous glands.

Functions of the skin:

Thermoregulation - Evaporation of sweat &

Regulation of blood flow to the dermis. Cutaneous sensation - Sensations like touch, pressure, vibration, pain, warmth or coolness. Vitamin D production - UV sunlight & precursor molecule in skin make vitamin D. Protection The sin acts as a physical barrier. Absorption & secretion The skin is involved in the absorption of water-soluble molecules and excretion of water and sweat.

 Wound healing - When a minor burn or abrasion

occurs basal cells of the epidermis break away from the basement membrane and migrate across the wound. They migrate as a sheet, when the sides meet the growth stops and this is called contact inhibition. In deep wound healing - A clot forms in the wound, blood flow increases and many cells move to the wound. The clot becomes a scab; granulation tissue fills the wound and intense growth of epithelial cells beneath the scab. The scab falls off and the skin returns to normal thickness.

The Two Layers of Skin:

Epidermis The Epidermis is the thinner more

superficial layer of the skin. The epidermis is made up of 4 cell types: (A) Keratinocytes Produce keratin protein a fibrous protein that helps protect the epidermis (B) Melanocytes - produces the brown pigment melanin (C) Langerhan Cells participate in immune response and (D) Merkel cells - participates in the sense of touch.

There are five distinct sub-layers of the Epidermis:

Stratum corneum: the outermost layer, made of 25-

30 layers of dead flat keratinocytes. Lamellar granules provide water repellent action and are continuously shed & replaced. Stratum lucidum: Only found in the fingertips, palms of hands, & soles of feet. This layer is made up of 3-5 layers of flat dead keratinocytes. Stratum granulosum: made up of 3-5 layers of keratinocytes, site of keratin formation, keratohyalin gives the granular appearance.

Stratum spinosum: appears

covered in thornlike spikes, provide strength & flexibility to the skin. Stratum basale: The deepest layer, made up of a single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells. Cells produced here are constantly divide & move up to apical surface.

Dermis: is the deeper, thicker layer composed of connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, glands and hair follicles.
The epidermis contains 3 cell types:
Adipocytes, Macrophages and

Fibroblasts.
There are two main divisions of the dermal layer: Papillary region - The superficial layer of the dermis,

made up of loose areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers.

 Dermal papillae - Fingerlike structures

invade the epidermis, contain capillaries or Meissner corpuscles which respond to touch. Reticular region of the Dermis Made up of dense irregular connective & adipose tissue, contains sweat lands, sebaceous (oil) glands, & blood vessels.