Topic;

Soil Erosion

By
Mustahsa Shuaib FA10-ERS-076

Introduction
Soil Erosion - Wearing away and transportation
of soil by wind, water, or ice. Worldwide removes 25.4 Billion tons/yr.

Made worse by deforestation and desertification. Man made activities increase the rate of soil erosion. For example constraction in mountaineous areas

Type of Soil Erosion

Water erosion Wind erosion Gravitational erosion Frozen-melt erosion

Water ErosionThe Erosion that is caused by the movement of the water It is further divided into: Splash erosion Sheet erosion Bank erosion

Sheet erosion is defined as the uniform removal of soil in thin layers from sloping land.

In Splash erosion the water is washed out by the fast impact of rain.

Wind Erosion
In arid climates, the main source of erosion is wind Erosion can be the result of material movement by the wind Wind erosion generally occurs in areas with little or no vegetation

Gravitational Erosion
It is mass movement of soil - slides, slips, slumps, flows and landslides - gravity is the principal force acting to move surface materials such as soil and rock.

Frozen-melt erosion
Water expends by 9% when it is frozen. When water freezes, it expands suddenly and with tremendous force. When water inside a crack in a rock freezes, its expansive strength may be sufficient to crack the rock and to break parts off it. Some times soil can also be erode by this process.

Bad Effects of Soil Erosion

Approximately 40% of the world's agricultural land is seriously degraded An area of fertile soil the size of Ukraine is lost every year because of drought, deforestation and climate change. Decline in soil productivity Which results in food shortage

Some pictures of same rock in different decades.

1890

1910

1920

1970

1990