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Learning Outcome
Student will be able : To sketch and describe clearly the function of retaining walls. To perform stability check for retaining wall. To describe design procedure for retaining wall
Main Function
To
resist that force without excessive movement The selection of the most appropriate type of retaining wall based on the height of soil to be retained
Soil Condition
Compacted and loose earth, sand, loam, clay etc. Unit weight (kN/m3), repose (friction) angle & cohesion (kPa) Weather Soil Pressure
Water, building weight and traffic
2. 3.
Sliding failure
Due to sliding along the bottom of the wall. The frictional passive earth resistance is inadequate. By shear surface immediately adjacent to the bottom of the wall.
Due to excessive shearing stresses curved. May have same conditions as sliding failures.
Due to excessive shearing stresses curved deep. May occur when there is a deposit soil, such as clay, underlying a firm deposit.
Settlement Failure
Excessive wall movement compression of the soil on which a wall is founded. When toe pressure is significantly greater than heel pressure, results in excessive forward/outward tilting. Underlying soft deposit compression behind the wall due to the weight of an approach cause to tilt backward/ inward
Building Materials
Bricks Coarse Stones Concrete Blocks Reinforced Concrete
can be constructed from mass concrete, brickwork or stonework. Massive and heavy Without reinforcement Not to withstand tension
Mass and gravity retaining wall ii) Masonry (gravity) wall From bricks, blocks or stones or rock
Mass and gravity retaining wall ii) Masonry (gravity) wall Rubble walls
- Medium height
Has intermittent supports either from the soil side (tensile) or from the outside (compression). Thin vertical concrete webs. Spacings = to height. 8-14m high.
Embedded Wall
Contiguous or interlocking individual piles or diaphragm wall-panels to form a continuous structure. May be cantilever, anchored or propped.
Embedded Wall
Types: Sheet Pile - driving steel sheets into a slope Soldier / King Pile constructed of wide flange steel H sections spaced about 2 3 m apart, driven prior to excavation Bored Pile -a soil replacement rather than a soil displacement method (to minimise vibration) Diaphragm - a water tight barrier
Embedded Wall
Sheet Pile
Embedded Wall
Soldier Pile
Embedded Wall
Bored Pile
Embedded Wall
Pre-stressed Economical for over 4 m high. Pre-compression technique in the masonry cross section - flexural tensile capacity and enhanced resistance to lateral loading. Diaphragm wall 50 to 100 cm thick and up to 7m, extending to the excavation bottom. Construction of shallow concrete or steel guide walls excavate using thin-grab clamshell pump in Bentonite slurry to provide temporary support lower prefabricated reinforcing cage - replaced slurry by trmie concrete proceed to the next panel.
Embedded Wall
This kind of reinforced soil walls, including the facing, reinforcements, reinforced fill and the back of wall.
Environmental wall: This method of reinforced wall is used to retain a great quantity of soil from
Discrete Panels: The facing of reinforced soils are constructed sequentially in order to build the walls consistently
This types of facing enables the building of walls that can be easily curved in plan, and well adapted to
Soil Nailing
Closely spaced steel bars, called "nails," driven into a slope and grouted. Significantly increase the apparent cohesion capability to carry tensile loads. Appears similar to reinforced fill but: nails are inserted directly into an existing earth not installed with the fill. - commences at the top level and proceeds downwards; for reinforced fill the lower reinforcements are loaded first (by layers).
Soil Nailing
Soil Nailing
Soil Nailing
Drain holes
Water (rain) can add weight to the soil and more pressure to the wall. The condition is aggravated when there is soil movement. Water must be allowed to flow freely through the wall by using installed drainage Parallel to the wall Through the wall Concrete apron
Backfill Material:
Should be granular and free draining. i.e. sand and stone Avoid clay or clayey silt!
Selection of on:
Walls depends
Height of wall Surcharge load Soil condition Availability of Space for construction Ground water and rainfall density Availability of raw materials Aesthetic value Design life Consequences of failure
Fill level
FP
A Friction force, FF Wt
Fill level
Wb
FA = 0.5 pah
Fill level
The factor of safety against this type of failure occurring is normally taken to be at least 1.5
FF + FP 1.5 FA
A
h2
Mres 2
Mover Mover = 1/3 FA z Mres = Ww x x1 + Wb x x + Ws x q
If
x1
Fill level
Ww
Fill level
M/N D/6, thus eccentricity lies within middle third of the base, hence:
x
Gk D/2
(1.0Gk+1.0Vk)
D/2
P1
Soil Bearing Pressure
P2
Drainage pipe
Base of stem of the wall have to resist load fHk and the moment
The base have to resist upward pressure from the soil bearing, creating moment at both bottom corner of the wall. Soil & own weight will counter the bearing pressure Partial safety factors to be utilised to increased design critically Vertical movement joint must provided for shrinkage movement. be
x
Gk D/2
(1.0Gk+1.0Vk)
D/2
P1
Soil Bearing Pressure
P2
Determine :
i) ii) iii)
The stability of the wall The actual bearing pressure Design the bending reinforcement using high-yield steel, fy = 460 N/mm2 and grade 35 concrete.
4.5 m
Given:
Unit Weight of Concrete = 24 kN/m3 Ka = 0.33 = 0.45 0.4 m
0.8 m
0.4 m
2.2 m
Solution
Ka g h pa = 0.33 = 1700 kg/m3 = 10 = 4.9 m =kagh = 0.33 x 1700 x 10 x 4.9 = 27489N/m2 = 27.49 kN/m2 FA = 0.5 pah = 0.5 x 27.49 x 4.9 = 67.35 kN Ww(wall) = 0.4 x 4.5 x 24 = 43.2 kN Wb(base) = 0.4 x 3.4 x 24 = 32.64 kN
Solution ..Continue.
Ws WT = 2.2 x 4.5x 17 = 168.3 kN = Ww + Wb+ Ws = 43.2 + 32.64 + 168.3 = 244.14 kN FF = WT = 0.45 x 244.14 = 109.86 kN i) Sliding Check Assume passive pressure force (Fp) = 0. Hence factor of safety against sliding is FF/FA = 109.86 /67.35
Solution ..Continue.
ii) Checking Overturning M res = Ww x (0.8 + 0.4/2) + Wb x (3.4/2) +Ws x (0.8 +0.4 +2.2/2) = (43.2 x 1.0) + (32.64 x 1.7) + (168.3 x 2.3) = 485.78 kNm M over = 1/3x FA x 4.9 = 1/3 x 67.35 x 4.9 = 110 kNm M res M over = 485.78/ 110 = 4.42 2 OK
Solution ..Continue.
Bearing Pressure Analysis Moment about center of the base M = FA 4.9/3 + Ww(x x1) -Ws(q D/2) = N = WT M/N = D/6 = 3.4/6 = 0.58 M/N D/6, therefore eccentricity lies within middle third of the base P1 = (N/D) + (6M/D2) < allowable bearing pressure = P2 = (N/D) - (6M/D2) =