Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
OBJECTIVES
CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER TYPES OF PRESSURES WFRD PUMPERS DIFFERENT TYPES OF PUMPS DIFFERENT TYPES OF RELIEF VALVES DRAFTING FOAM WFRD HYDRAULIC SOG HYDRAULIC CALUCATION PROBLEMS
CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER
Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen. (2 parts Hydrogen 1 part oxygen) One gallon of water weighs 8.35 pounds Cubic foot of water weighs 62.5 pounds
ADVANTAGES OF WATER
Greater heat absorption than other common extinguishing agents. A relatively large amount of heat is required to change extinguishing agents. Greater the surface area of water exposed, the more rapidly heat is absorbed.
ADVANTAGES OF WATER
Water converted into steam occupies 1,700 times its original volume. Water is plentiful and readily available.
DISADVANTAGES OF WATER
Water has a high surface tension and does not readily soak into dense material. Water may be reactive with certain fuels, such as combustible metals. Water freezes at 32o F. Water readily conducts electricity.
HEAD PRESSURE
Head pressure refers to the height of water supply above the discharge orifice. If the water supply is 100 feet above the discharge opening, this is referred to as 100 feet of head. To convert feet of head to head pressure, multiply by .434 per foot. = (Head Pressure is 43.4PSI)
STATIC PRESSURE
Static Pressure exists when no water is moving (potential energy). Static pressure normally is never found in a municipal system, because water is flowing somewhere in the system. The pressure found in a hydrant prior to the hydrant flowing is considered to be static pressure.
The pressure found on a water distribution system during normal consumption demands.
RESIDUAL PRESSURE
Residual pressure is that part of the total available pressure not used to overcome friction loss or gravity while forcing water through pipe, fittings, fire hose and adapters WATER LEFT OVER
FLOW PRESSURE
Flow Pressure is the forward velocity pressure at a discharge opening where water is flowing. GPM can be calculated from the flow pressure if the size of the opening is known. Flow pressure can be measured with a pitot gauge.
FRICTION LOSS
Friction loss : the loss of pressure created by the turbulence of water moving against the interior walls of hose or pipe.
RESCUE ENGINE 2002 Spartan/Marion 1500 gal pump Single Stage Pump 500 Gal Booster Tank 40 Gal Foam Tank
WAGON
1997 Seagrave 1500 gal Pump Single Stage Pump 750 Gal Booster Tank
WAGON 5 1987 Seagrave 1500 GPM Pump Two Stage Pump 500 Gal Tank
ENGINE 5 2002 Pierce Dash 1500 GPM Pump Two Stage Pump 750 Gal Tank 40 Gal Foam Tank
WAGON 4
ENGINE 4 2006 Pierce Lance 1500 GPM Pump Two Stage Pump 500 Gal Tank 40 Gal Foam Tank
1996 Seagrave 1500 GPM Pump Two Stage Pump Tank 500 gal
CLASS A PUMPER
A NFPA rating test for pumpers that indicates the pumper can pump 100% rated capacity @ 150 PSI 70% capacity @ 200PSI 50% capacity @ 250 PSI
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Nearly all fire apparatus today utilize the centrifugal pump. Centrifugal pumps are classified as a nonpositive displacement pump because it does not pump a definite amount of water with each revolution.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Centrifugal force pushes water from the center to the outer edge of the pump. Water is thrown further as rotation speed increases.
Single Stage Pump: A pump with one shaft and one impeller Two Stage Pump: A pump with one shaft and two impellers in separate chambers.
Positive Displacement Pump: Mainly used as primer pumps to displace air from Centrifugal pumps. Positive displacement pumps are either piston, rotary gear or rotary vane pumps.
Transfer Valve
Parallel Position or Volume: Each of the impellers takes water from the source and delivers it to the discharge. Each impeller flows 50% of the total flow. Pressure Position or Series: All the water from the intake manifold is directed into the eye of the first impeller and then into the eye of the second impeller.
Transfer Valve
Transfer valve needs to be in the Parallel or Volume position when it is necessary to supply more than one half the rated capacity of the pump. In most cases the transfer valve should not be operated with a discharge pressure exceeding 75 PSI.
Transfer Valve
If there is any question as to the proper operation of the transfer valve, it is better to be in parallel or volume than in series or pressure. To raise your RPM place the transfer valve in Parallel or volume.
Pressure Governor
Pressure governor controls the pressure of the pump by varying the speed of the engine rather than controlling the flow of water. Pressure control devices should be used when more than one discharge line is being used and during relay operations.
RELIEF VALVE
Relief valve is installed in a line which connects from the suction side of the pump to the discharge side. When pressure on the discharge side of the pump exceeds the preset value pressure, the relief valve opens and permits the water to flow directly from the discharge manifold back into the intake manifold.
Relief Valve
When setting the relief valve, the pressure on the pump should be adjusted with all the desired lines open and flowing the full amount of water. The relief valve controls the pressure of the pump by changing the amount of water flowing through the pump.
RELIEF VALVE
Pump Drains
Most connections to the pump are equipped with drain valve on the line side of the control valve. On the discharge fitting, these drain provide a way for the driver operator to relieve the pressure from the hose line after the discharge valve and nozzle have both been closed.
SAFETY REMINDER
DRAFTING
To draft you need to create a pressure differential which allows atmospheric pressure acting on the surface of the water to force water into the fire pump. When enough air has been evacuated to reduce the atmospheric pressure inside the fire pump and intake hose a negative vacuum is created causing the water to rise into the intake hose and pump.
DRAFTING
The most important factor in choosing a draft site is the amount of water available at that site. Always use a strainer when drafting There should be minimum of 24 of water over the strainer and around the strainer In most circumstance, the maximum lift is no more than 25 feet. Maximum theoretical lift 33.8 feet
DRAFTING
Lift is the distance between the fire pump and source of the water. ( from center of the pump to the top of the water) AS the lift or length of intake hose increases, the capacity of the pump decreases.
DRAFTING
If operating a two stage pump, the transfer valve should be in the volume or parallel position during priming. Most priming pumps are intended to work best when engine RPM are set between 1000 and 1200 Priming time is typically 10 to 15 seconds, but should not prime more than 30 seconds for pumps of 1000 GPM and no more than 45 seconds for pumps over 1250 GPM
DRAFTING
After the pump has been successfully primed, increase the throttle before attempting to open any discharges. Open discharge valve slowly while watching the discharge pressure. If the discharge pressure continues to drop, momentarily operating the primer may eliminate the air still trapped in the pump.
DRAFTING
A gradual increase in the vacuum reading may be noted with no change in the flow rate. This is an indication that a blockage is developing
STRAINERS
DRY HYDRANT
Priming problems
A.
B.
C. D. E.
Air leaks Loose hard sleeve/flex sleeve connection Loose discharge caps Open drains or open bleeders valves Worn gaskets
Priming Problems
1.
2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Clogged Strainers No oil in Primer Reservoir Primer not activated in required time End of suction hose not submerged High Suction Lift (20) High point in suction line Improper Engine Speed
Cavitations
Is when water is being discharged from the pump faster than it is coming into the pump. Indications that a pump is cavitating The hose stream will fluctuate Pressure gauge will fluctuate The pump will be noisy, sounding like gravel is passing through the pump
FOAM
Most foam concentrates are intended to be mixed with 94% to 99% water. ( when using 3% foam concentration, 97 parts water mixed with 3 parts foam concentrate equals 100 parts foam solution)
HYDROCARBON FUELS
Hydrocarbon fuels are petroleum based and have a specific gravity that is less than one, therefore they float on Water. Hydrocarbon fuels are immiscible, that is they will not mix with water.
FOAM INDUCTION
Induction: Uses the pressure energy in the stream of water to induct foam concentration into the stream. This is companioned by using a In-Line educator. The In-Line educator has a hose that goes down into the foam and when the water passes through the orifice of the hose it creates a suction that draws the foam out of the pail.
WFRD FOAM
Light Water AFFF Foam Hydrocarbon Fuels 3% concentrate 97% water Polar Fuel 6% concentrate 94% water. WFRD foam is stored at the Sludge building in 5 gal pails and 55 gal drums.
NOZZLE PRESSURES Handheld smooth bore nozzle : 50 PSI Maser Stream (smooth bore) : 80 PSI All Fog Nozzles : 100 PSI Except Chief nozzles are 75 PSI ( for test purpose all Fog nozzles are calculated at 100 PSI )
2. 3.
Supplying protective sprinkler and standpipe system shall be at 150 PSI at the Siamese. If a high rise pack is employed charge the system at 175 PSI Start out pressure for Truck 2 and Ladder 2 will be 150 PSI
2.
3.
Supply hose load shall be finished off so that the lead coupling is visible and secured when line is pulled. A minimum of 25 of hose is to accompany the coupling when the line is pulled. 3 or 4 supply lines are to be filled with water before the throttle is advanced.
HYDRANT RESIDUAL
To calculate how much water is left in a hydrant. Percent Drop= Static minus Residual X100 Static 0-10% Drop= 3 times amount being used 11-15% Drop = 2 times 16-25% Drop = Same amount being used 25 + % Drop = More water might be available, but not as much as is being used
Hydraulic Problems
C (X) Q2 (X) L (+) NP (+) E (+) SA
C : Coefficient Q : GPM flow divided by 100 L : Length of hose NP : Nozzle Pressure E : Elevation SA : Special Appliances
TEST QUESTIONS