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Fatty acids can be synthesized from acetyl-CoA. This is the major way of utilizing excess dietary carbohydrates. Fatty acid synthesis occurs mainly in the fat tissue and the liver. Synthesis and degradation of fatty acids are similar in that they involve a cycle of reactions that changes the length of the substrate by two carbon atoms at a time.
FA biosynthesis and breakdown occur by different pathways and take place in different parts of the cell.
Glucose Triacylglycerol
Malonyl CoA
O OOC-CH2-C-S-CoA
HCO3-
Malonyl-CoA
+
Acetyl-CoA
H H
Step 1.
Condensation of an activated acyl group and two carbons derived from malonyl-CoA
Step 2.
The -keto group is reduced to an alcohol by NADPH
Step 3.
The elimination of water creates a double bond.
Step 4.
The double bond is reduced to form the correspondin g saturated fatty acyl group.
When reaches 16 carbons, the product leaves the cycle. All the reactions in the synthetic process are catalyzed by a multienzyme complex, fatty acid synthase.
Step 1.
Condensation of the activated acetyl and malonyl groups to form acetoacetylACP, catalyzed by ketoacyl-ACP synthase.
Step 2.
Reduction. The acetoacetyl-ACP is reduced to -hydroxybutyryl-ACP, catalyzed by ketoacyl-ACP reductase (needs NADPH + H+)
Step 3.
Dehydration to yield a double bond in the product, trans-2-butenoyl-ACP, catalyzed by hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase.
Step 4.
Reduction of the double bond to form butyryl-ACP, catalyzed by enoylreductase. Another NADPH dependent reaction.
The overall reaction for the synthesis of palmitate from acetylCoA can be considered in two parts.
Part 1.
First, the formation of seven malonylCoA molecules: 7Acetyl-CoA + 7CO2 + 7ATP 7malonyl-CoA + 7ADP + 7Pi
Part 2.
Then the seven cycles of condensation and reduction
Acetyl-CoA + 7malonyl-CoA + 14NADPH + 14H+ palmitate + 7CO2 + 8CoA + 14NADP+ + 6H2O The biosynthesis of FAs requires acetyl-CoA and the input of energy in the form of ATP and reducing power of NADPH.
Location of FA synthesis
FA synthase complex is found exclusively in the cytosol. The location segregates synthetic processes from degradative reactions.
In hepatocytes:
The [NADPH]/[NAD+] ratio is very high (~75) in the cytosol, furnishing a strongly reducing environment for the reductive synthesis of fatty acids and other biomolecules.
In hepatocytes and adipocytes, cytosolic NADPH is largely generated by the malic enzyme and by the pentose phosphate pathway.
Nearly all acetyl-CoA used in fatty acid synthesis is formedCytosol site of acetate utilization in mitochondria from pyruvate oxidation.
Mitochondria site of acetate manufacture
Citrate then passes into the cytosol through the mitochondrial inner membrane on the citrate transporter. In the cytosol, citrate is cleaved by citrate lyase regenerating acetyl-CoA.
The other product --oxaloacetate cannot return to the mitochondrial matrix directly. Instead, oxaloacetate is reduced to malate
Malate returns to the mitochondrial matrix on the malate--ketoglutarate transporter in exchange for citrate.
O OOC-CH2-C-S-CoA
HCO3-
Malonyl-CoA
incorporated into triacylglycerols for the storage of metabolic energy incorporation into the phospholipid components of membranes.
Fatty acyl groups are first activated by formation of fatty acyl-CoA molecules. then transferred to ester linkage with Lglycerol 3phosphate.
Phosphatidic acid may be converted to triacylglycerols or phospholipids Triacylglycerols and phosholipids are both synthesized from phosphatidic acid
Genetic Disorder.
What is malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency? Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency is a condition that prevents the body from converting certain fats to energy. The signs and symptoms of this disorder typically appear in early childhood. Almost all affected children have delayed development. Additional signs and symptoms can include weak muscle tone (hypotonia), seizures, diarrhea, vomiting, and low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). A heart condition called cardiomyopathy, which weakens and enlarges the heart muscle, is another common feature of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency.
How common is malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency? This condition is very rare; fewer than 30 cases have been reported. What genes are related to malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency? Mutations in the MLYCD gene cause malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency. The MLYCD gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called malonyl-CoA decarboxylase. Within cells, this enzyme helps regulate the formation and breakdown of a group of fats called fatty acids. Many tissues, including the heart muscle, use fatty acids as a major source of energy. Mutations in the MLYCD gene reduce or eliminate the function of malonylCoA decarboxylase. A shortage of this enzyme disrupts the normal balance of fatty acid formation and breakdown in the body. As a result, fatty acids cannot be converted to energy, which can lead to characteristic features of this disorder including low blood sugar and cardiomyopathy. Byproducts of fatty acid processing build up in tissues, which also contributes to the signs and symptoms of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency.
Cytosolic NADPH is largely generated by the malic enzyme and by the pentose phosphate pathway. FA biosynthesis occurs in the cytosol FA biosynthesis is regulated by the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase Synthesized FA are either stored as TG or made into membrane lipids