VYSYA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

BACHELOR OF EDUCATION

ACADEMIC YEAR (2011 2012)

Presented by

PRIYATHARSINI. S
Physical science (Batch I) 2K11VED078

PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

In a fruit shop, there are difference types of fruits. They are arranged in proper way. They stacking of fruits in the fruit stall involves. i). type fruits ii). Their size iii). Colour

HISTORY OF PERIODIC TABLE : More than one hundred elements are known today. In order to track so many elements in logical and semantic way, scientists studied many properties of elements. They are groups of elements having similar physical and chemical properties.

LAVOISIERS CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

In 1789 Lavoisier first attempted to classify the elements into two division namely metals and non metals. This classification was not satisfactory as there were many exceptions in each category.

DOBEREINERS CLASSIFICATION ELEMENTS :

Johann wofgang dobereiner grouped three elements into what he termed traids. Elements like lithium, sodium and potassium have atomic masses 7,23 and 39 respectively.
Li (7) Na (23) K (39)

NEWLANDS CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

John Newland suggested another classifications of elements. He arranged the elements in the order of their increasing atomic masses. He noted that there appeared to be a repetition of similar properties in every eight elements. Therefore he placed sever elements in each group

LOTHAR MEYERS CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

Lotharmeyer plotted atomic weight against atomic volume of various elements. He found that elements with similar properties and valency fell under one another. However, this also could not give the better understanding.

MENDELEEV
Mendleev, a Russian chemist who was the first to propose that the seemingly different chemical elements can be sorted out according to certain similarities I their properties. The arrangement he proposed is called the periodic table.

MENDELEEVS CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

The first successful arrangement of elements was done in 1869 by Russian chemist Dimitri Ivanovich mendeleev. Mendeleevs published a periodic table of elements on the basis of law called mendeleevs periodic law. The physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic functions of their atomic masses.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MODIFIED MENDELEEVS PERIODIC TABLE.

Elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic masses. Vertical columns are called groups and horizontal rows are called periods. There are nine groups numbered from 1 to VIII and 0. 1 to VII groups are sub divided into sub groups A and B. There are sever periods.

MENDELEEVS PERIODIC TABLE

Mendeleevs felt that similar properties occurred after periods of varying length. Mendeleev made an eight column table of elements. Mendeleev suggested that there must be other elements that had not been discovered.

MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

This difficulty in the mendeleevs periodic table is overcome by introduction of modern periodic table. It is also known as long form of periodic table In this tale properties of elements are dependent on their electronics configurations. Hence modern periodic law is defined as the properties of elements are the function of their atomic numbers.

LIMITATION OF MODIFIED MENDELEEVS PERIODIC TABLE Few elements having a higher atomic mass were placed before elements having a lower atomic masses. There were no provisions for placing isotopes. Position of hydrogen in the periodic table was not certain about keeping it with either in group 1A or in group VIIA. Chemically dissimilar elements were placed in the same group.

METALS
There are shiny if their surfaces are clean. All metals are solids under ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure. It is usually conduct heat and electricity well and can be rolled or hammered into sheets and pulled into wires.

ALLOYS
Thousands of years ago, people discovered that they could use copper instead of some to make their tools. If tin a fairly soft metal was combined with copper a very hard material was produced. Bronze was a better material for many purpose than either of the two metals that composed it.

COMPOSITION OF ALLOYS
There are two types of alloys. Substitution alloys Interstitial alloys. In substitutional alloys, atoms of one metal randomly take place of atoms of another metal. In interstitial alloyws, small non metallic atoms such as H (Hydrogenl, B (Boron) (C) Carbon the holes in the crystal structure of the metal.

USES OF ALLOYS
NAME COMPOSED OF USES

Brass
Bronze

Copper Zinc
Coper Tin

Screws, windows and door fittings

Statues, machine parts

Solder

Tin Lead

In electrical and plumbing Industrial to join metal surface without melting them.

Duralumin

Aluminium, copper manganese, magnesium

Aircraft pats, cars, ships and rails.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS

Metals exist in solid state except mercury metal have usually high density. The are good conductors of heat and electricity. Ductility is the ability of metals to be pulled or stretched into different shapes. Metals in pure state, having polished surface and reflect the light falling on the surface producing a characteristic shining.

REACTIVITY SERIES :
In single replacement reactions one element takes the place of another element takes the place of another element in compound. It is very reactive metals react with water at room temperature. The reactive metal, takes the place of hydrogen in water.

USES OF REACTIVITY SERIES :

Metals which react with water are placed first in the reactivity series. Metals at the beginning of the series react with dilute acids. Metals at the bottom of the series do not react with acids. Metals at the bottom of the series do not react with dilute acids. Metals in the middle of the series react with dilute acids.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ALLOY

It enhances the hardness of metal. It enhances the tensile strength of the base metal. It improves corrosion resistance. It modifies the colour. It provides better castability

NANO SCIENCE
Nano science is the study of atoms molecules and objects size is on the manometer scale (1-100 nm). 1 nano metre = 10-9 metre

NANO TECHNOLOGY
It involves making ultra small devices they are about a nano metre. One nanometer is equal to one billionth of metere in length. It is roughly the size of ten atoms placed end to end.

OBJECTIVE OF NANO TECHNOLOGY

When the size of the matter is reduced to a few nanometers, there is an increase in surface area. The increase surface area assumes a critical role. Such as in Chemical catalysis.

APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
It is used to make miniature pumps, which are useful in medical field. It converts a particular wavelength of the light into heat. It finds use to treatment of cancer. It is useful to reduce the degradation of food vegetables.

CLASSIFY THE FOLLOWING OXIDES INTO ACIDIC OR BASIC OXIDES.

Sodium oxide Zinc oxide Aluminum oxide Cabron di oxide Sulphur dioxide.