Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= e
4.33
Where E(d,t)= E
0
d
0
/d represents the envelope of the
energy at d-meters from transmitter.
Basic Propagation Mechanisms - Reflection
Lecture 3: Mobile Radio Propagation-
Large-Scale Path Loss
BTB 43403
Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model
The total received energy, E
TOT
is the results from a
combination of a direct line-of-sight path , E
LOS
and a reflected
path, E
g
The direct line-of-sight path , E
LOS
is given as:
Basic Propagation Mechanisms - Reflection
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
c
d
t
d
d E
t d E
c LOS
'
'
0 0
'
cos , e
4.34
Lecture 3: Mobile Radio Propagation-
Large-Scale Path Loss
BTB 43403
And the reflected path, E
g
, is given as:
The total received energy, E
TOT
is the results from a
combination of a direct line-of-sight path, E
LOS
and a reflected
path, E
g.
.
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
c
d
t
d
d E
t d E
c g
' '
' '
0 0
' '
cos , e
4.35
Basic Propagation Mechanisms - Reflection
Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model
Lecture 3: Mobile Radio Propagation-
Large-Scale Path Loss
BTB 43403
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
c
d
t
d
d E
c
d
t
d
d E
t d E
c c TOT
' '
' '
0 0
'
'
0 0
cos ) 1 ( cos , e e
g LOS TOT
E E E + =
4.38
4.39
For the direct path let d = d ; for the reflected path d = d
Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model
Basic Propagation Mechanisms - Reflection
The Resultant total energy-field is given as:
Lecture 3: Mobile Radio Propagation-
Large-Scale Path Loss
for large TR separation :
i
goes to 0 (angle of incidence to
the ground of the reflected wave) and = 1
Phase difference can occur depending on the phase difference
between direct and reflected E fields
The phase difference is
due to Path difference , = d
d, between
BTB 43403
Basic Propagation Mechanisms Reflection
Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model
Lecture 3: Mobile Radio Propagation-
Large-Scale Path Loss
From two triangles with sides d and (h
t
+ h
r
) or (h
t
h
r
)
BTB 43403
Basic Propagation Mechanisms Reflection
Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model
Lecture 3: Mobile Radio Propagation-
Large-Scale Path Loss
can be expanded using a Taylor series expansion
BTB 43403
Basic Propagation Mechanisms Reflection
Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model
Lecture 3: Mobile Radio Propagation-
Large-Scale Path Loss
BTB 43403
Basic Propagation Mechanisms Reflection
Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model
Lecture 3: Mobile Radio Propagation-
Large-Scale Path Loss
For d
0
=100meter, E
0
=1, f
c
=1 GHz, h
t
=50 meters, h
r
=1.5 meters,
at t=0
BTB 43403
Lecture 3: Mobile Radio Propagation-
Large-Scale Path Loss
note that the magnitude is with respect to a reference of E
0
=1
at d
0
=100 meters, so near 100 meters the signal can be stronger
than E
0
=1
the second ray adds in energy that would have been lost
otherwise
for large distances d satisfies (4.50):
BTB 43403
t
r t r t
h h h h
d
20
3
20
~ >
4.50
Basic Propagation Mechanisms Reflection
Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model
Lecture 3: Mobile Radio Propagation-
Large-Scale Path Loss
BTB 43403
the received Energy-field can be approximated as :
( ) m V
d
k
d
h h
d
d E
d E
r t
TOT
/
2 2
2
0 0
~ ~
t
4.51
Basic Propagation Mechanisms Reflection
Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model
Lecture 3: Mobile Radio Propagation-
Large-Scale Path Loss
BTB 43403
( )
r t r t
h h G G d dB Pl log 20 log 20 log 10 log 10 ( log 40 + + + =
4.52
The free space power received at d is related to the square of
the electric field through equation 4.15.
Combining Equations (4.2), (4.15) and (4.51) the received
power at distance d from the transmitter for the two-ray
ground bounce model can be expressed as:
4
2 2
d
h h
G G P P
t t
r t t r
=
or
4.53
Basic Propagation Mechanisms Reflection
Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model
Lecture 3: Mobile Radio Propagation-
Large-Scale Path Loss
Example 4.6:
A mobile is located 5km away from a base station and uses a vertical
/4 monopole antenna with a gain of 2.25 dB to receive cellular radio
signals. The E-field at 1km from the transmitter is measured to be 10
-3
v/m. The carrier frequency used for this system is 900MHz.
a) Find the length and the effective aperture of the receiving antenna.
b) Find the received power at the mobile using the two-ray ground
reflection model assuming the height of the transmitting antenna is
50m and the receiving antenna is 1.5m above ground
BTB 43403
Basic Propagation Mechanisms Reflection
Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model