Civikly (1981): the ways in which we think about and describe ourselves (self-concept) and the degree to which

we like those descriptions of ourselves (self-esteem) have an inevitable impact on our human interactions.

1.

Reflected Appraisals
Three principles:

First principle of direct relations (Veblen, 1934) - The principle states that one is heavily influenced by opinions from other people.

- One considers his/herself as a social being and thus, the concept of self-respect is based solely on the respect given by ones fellow or neighbors.
- There exists a need for establishing a healthy correspondence between ones view in relation to the views of others as well as consensual validation (Mead).

Second principle of perceived self (Cooley,

1912)
-Looking glass self -One imagines his/her appearance to the other person and imagine his judgment of that appearance in association with a selffeeling of pride or regret.

Third principle of generalized self (Mead)

-self arises from social experience particularly, social interaction

-The process of communication requires the individual to adopt the view of others and view his/herself according to the perspective of others. -Ones individual concept of self in this particular principle is formed by applying the attitudes of society to his/her self.

2. Social comparisons -Pettigrew (1967): Human beings learn about themselves by comparing themselves to others.

- Social evaluation leads to self-ratings that is related to the standards set by an individual for comparison. In the process, the referent individual group or individual becomes ones standard.
-Rosenberg (1979): two useful comparisons (1) Criterion based and (2) norms-based

3. Self-attribution -Woolfolk (1998): the heart of attribution theory is the notion of individual perception

4. Self-values
-The definition of self-concept is an organization, not an arbitrary collection of parts, pieces and components that are hierarchically organized and interrelated in complex ways

-Highlights the importance of a certain component to the over-all self-esteem of oneself. In the same vein, what is important to the person would relate to his/her global self-esteem.

-Self-concept is less competitive; although social comparisons point out that self-assessments are relative to others, individuals focus on different self-components in such a way that ones success does not jeopardize the success of the other.

-A change in ones self-concept depends (if the shift could be done easily or not) on how a person values a certain individual component to his/her system of values