Power Electronics Converters DC-DC Converter (Chopper) Isolated DC-DC Converter SMPS circuit Techniques SMPS Block Diagram

AC to DC: RECTIFIER

AC input

DC output

DC to DC: CHOPPER
DC input DC output

DC to AC: INVERTER DC input AC output

DEFINITION: Converting the unregulated DC input to a controlled DC output with a desired voltage level. General block diagram:
DC supply (from rectifierfilter, battery, fuel cell etc.)

DC output

LOAD

Vcontrol (derived from feedback circuit)

APPLICATIONS:
Switched-mode power supply (SMPS), DC motor control, battery chargers

Isolated DC-DC requires isolation transformer Two types: Linear and Switched-mode

Advantages of switched mode over linear power supply -Efficient (70-95%) -Weight and size reduction Disadvantages -Complex design -EMI problems

Basic Block diagram of linear power supply

Vce=Vd-Vo DC Unregulated + Line Input 1 / 3 50/60 Hz Isolation Transformer Vd Rectifier/ Filter B Base/gate Drive Error Amp. RL + Vo Vo C E +Vo DC Regulated

Vref

Basic Block diagram of SMPS

DC Unregulated
EMI FILTER RECTIFIER AND FILTER

DC-DC CONVERSITION AND ISOLATION

High Frequency rectifier and filter

DC Regulated
Vo

Vref
Base/ gate drive PWM Controller error Amp

SMPS without isolation:

Buck converter. Boost converter. Buck-Boost converter.

SMPS with isolation:

Forward converter. Flyback converter. Half and Full bridge dc-dc converter Push Pull converter.

High efficiency& less heat generation - ,

Linear power supplies are typically 40- 50% efficient, while switchers have efficiencies from 60 to 90%.

Tighter regulation, and Smaller size and weight.

This makes them ideal for use in portable equipment.

Greater efficiency is the biggest advantage.

Fig. 1: The SMPS transformer (left) and the AC power transformer both provide isolation and various output voltages, but the SMPS transformer is smaller, lighter weight, and more efficient
.

. One of the first switch mode power supplies was the mechanical vibrator circuit used in early automobiles. The vibrator chopped the 6 volt battery voltage into an AC signal that could be stepped up and down to deliver the plate and bias voltages needed to power the tube radio.
Todays more sophisticated SMPS still employ the same basic concept used in the early vibrator supply: a DC voltage is converted to an AC signal, the AC signal is stepped up by a transformer; and the stepped-up AC is converted back to a DC voltage

A conventional, series-pass regulator dissipates the unused power as heat.

A basic SMPS consists of a DC voltage source, a switching device, a step up/down transformer, (flyback) and a switching control stage

The regulators used in consumer equipment fall into two types; 1) pulse width modulated (PWM), and 2) pulse rate modulated (PRM). Television receivers and computer monitors may use either type, while VCR commonly use PRM supplies.

The PWM regulates by varying the on time of the switching transistor switching transistor stays on longer, and more energy is applied to the switching transformer. Note that the frequency of the signal remains constant.

The PRM regulator varies the rate (frequency) at which the switching transistor is turned off and on. Notice, however, that as the pulse rate increases. This varies the switching transistors conduction time.

The four most important circuits in a switch mode power supply are: UnregulatedB+(MIC1),Startup and Drive(MIC2). Secondary Loads (MIC3), and Feedback and control(MIC4).

The blocks can be grouped in to four sections or most important circuits (MICS): 1) Unregulated Bt, 2) Startup& Drive, 3) Secondary circuits, and 4) Feedback& Control. The gray shaded blocks provide the unregulatedB+ to power the switcher. The pink shaded blocks are responsible for the signal that drives the switching transistor. The secondary circuits are indicated by the black blocks . Red blocks couple a sample of the output voltage back to the driver stage. Two major parts of this functional area are the feedback divider network and the opto isolator