METAMATERIALS and NEGATIVE REFRACTION

Nandita Aggarwal Laboratory of Applied Optics Ecole Polytechnique de Federal Lausanne

Presentation Overview
Introduction to negative refraction Theoretical explanation Experimental verification Different structures as metamaterials
SRR structure S-SRR structure EX-SRR structure Omega type structure

Negative refraction in optical regime Applications Super lenses

High directive Antennas Cloak invisibility

References

Reversing light : Negative refraction

Time reversal

Time reversal and negative refraction

Negative Refraction (Reversal of spatial evolution of phase)

Disobeying Snells Law: Left handed materials

Light makes negative angle with the normal

Poynting vector has the opposite sign to the wave vector

Negative Refraction

Practical demonstration of negative Refraction

Theoretical Explanation in brief

Assumption: Wavelength used > spacing and size of the unit cell. Composite can be assumed homogeneous. (eff.) and (eff.) are structure dependent.

Experimental Verification

LHM material (Prism)

Unit cell : 5mm Operating wavelength : 3cm (812 GHz)

Al plates separation: 1.2 cm Radius of circular plates: 15 cm Detector was rotated around the circumference of circle in 1.5 degree steps

Experimental Verification

Refractive index of teflon : 1.4 +- 0.1 Refractive index of LHM : -2.7 +-0.1

Different Structures as Metamaterials

Split Ring Resonators + Metallic Wires S shaped Split Ring Resonators Extended S shape Split Ring Resonator Fish scale Omega type

t Ring Resonator + Metallic Wires

Split Ring Resonator Dispersion curve for the parallel polariraztion. Dashed line shows the SRR with wires placed uniformly between them.

haped Split Ring Resonators

3-D plot of S-shaped SRR

Equivalent electrical circuit of SRR

haped Split Ring Resonators

Effective permeability for the S-SRR structure in the case of F1 = F2 = F = 0.3

haped Split Ring Resonators

Two unit cells of a periodic arrayed structure (a) A broken rods array, (b) A capacitance-enlarged rods array, (c) A S- shaped rods array

haped Split Ring Resonators

The real part of the effective permittivity measured for configuration (b) and (c) with the change in value of h.

nded S-shaped Split Ring Resonators

The ES-SRR structure with a period of 2 rings in the z direction and its analytical model

nded S-shaped Split Ring Resonators

Effective Permeability Vs. Frequency

Extended S-Shaped SRR

Normal S-Shaped SRR

mega type structures

Unit cell

Picture of metamaterial actually realized and measured

mega type structures

Snell refraction experimental results

3-D result with the three axes representing detected power in mW, Frequency in GHz and angle in degrees.

2-D curve extracted at 12.6 GHz fr 3-D results.

ative refraction in optical regime

Detailed history of development of magnetic resonance frequency as a function of time

Application s

Superlens Highly directive Antenna Cloaking

Superlens
The electric component of the field will be given by some 2D fourier expansion:

Propagating waves:

Evanescent waves:

Diffraction limit of the lens:

Superlens
Negative Refraction Makes a Perfect Lens

With this new lens, both propagating and evanescent waves contribute to the resoltuion of the image Enhancement of evanescent waves i.e. amplification (though evanescent waves carry no energy still the results are surprising) of these waves was proven by Sir John Pendry in 2000.

Superlens
Perfect Lensing in Action

A slab of negative material effectively removes an equal thickness of space for (A) The far field (B) The near field , translating the object into a perfect image

Highly Directive Antennas

Geometrical interpretation of the emission of a source inside slab of metamaterial having optical index close to zero

Construction in reciprocal space

Cloaking
Invisible Man become a reality?

"I still think it is a distant concept, but this latest structure does show clearly there is a potential for cloaking -- in the science fiction sense t become science fact at some point," says Smith.

Cloaking

Cloaking

Snapshots of time-dependent , steady-state electric field patterns. Cu cyllinder is cloaked A: Simulation of cloak with exact material properties B: Simulation with reduced material properties C: Experimental measurment of bare conducting cyllinder D: Experimental measurments of cloaked conducting cyllinder

References

1. J.B Pendry Physics review Letters, Vol. 85, no. 18 (3966-3969) 2. John B. Pendry and David R. Smith DRS&JBP (final).doc, Physics Today 3. Costas M. Soukoulis, Stefan Linden, Science, Vol 315, (47-49) 4. H.S Chen et al. PIER 51, 231-247, 2005 5. D. Schurig, J.J. Mock, Science, Vol 314 (977-979); 2006

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