Basic Knowledge About WDM Principle-A

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd.
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI Confidential
Security Level: Internal Use Only
26 April 2012
Basic Knowledge
About WDM Principle
Optical Network Technical Service Dept.
Yang Mingzhang (ID: 42198)
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential
Page 2
Know the basic concept, basic principle and
structure of WDM.
Know the transmission media in WDM systems.
Master key technologies of DWDM.
Master limitations of DWDM systems and relevant
solutions.
Know typical networking with Huawei WDM
products.
Objectives
After learning this course, you will:
Page 3
Contents
Chapter 1 Overview of WDM
Chapter 2 Transmission Media in WDM Systems
Chapter 3 Key Technologies of DWDM
Chapter 4 Limitations of WDM Systems
Chapter 5 Signaling Flow in Typical Networking

Page 4
Background of WDM
With SDM technology, new multiple-core optical cables can be
laid (time and cost must be considered).
With TDM technology, the bit rate is increased.
The bit rate ranges from STM-1 to STM-64.
Multiple signals are transmitted
through one optical fiber.
How to improve
transmission capacity?
Page 5
Expressway
Gas station
Patrol car
What Is WDM?
Car/Signal Expressway/Optical fiber
Gas station/Optical amplifier Patrol car/Supervisory channel
2.5G
10G
GE
Page 6
Optical signals of different wavelengths are transmitted through one
optical fiber, which is called Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM).

Concept of WDM
1
2
1 2 n
Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM): Wavelength interval

is bigger, usually 20 nm.

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM): Wavelength interval is
smaller, usually less than or equal to 0.8 nm.
Page 7
Requirements for Wavelengths in WDM
From the perspective of technical implementation
Vendors can choose any wavelength in WDM.

From the perspective of technical compatibility
Optical wavelengths in WDM systems should be specified.

ITU-T specifications for optical wavelengths in WDM systems
G.692, G.694.1 and G.694.2 =====> Wavelength and Frequency
Allocation Table

Optical wavelengths in WDM systems must strictly comply with the
Wavelength and Frequency Allocation Table.
Page 8
Typical Model of WDM
Rx1
Rxn
Rx2
Tx
1
Tx
2
Tx
n
M
U
X
OA
D
E
M
U
X
OSC OSC OSC OSC
Page 9
In a two-fiber unidirectional WDM system, two optical fibers are used and each
optical fiber transmits optical signals in only one direction.
Two-Fiber Unidirectional WDM
Optical
source 1
Optical
source N
Detector 1
Detector N
WDM
WDM
WDM
WDM
Optical
source N
Optical
source 1
Detector N
Detector 1
Page 10
In a single fiber bidirectional WDM system, one optical fiber is used to transmit
optical signals in both directions, but the signals in the two directions must be of
different wavelengths.
Single Fiber Bidirectional WDM

O
p
t
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a
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d
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t

O
p
t
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a
l

m
u
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t
i
p
l
e
x
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r

u
n
i
t

Booster
amplifier/
Pre-
amplifier
/
Booster
amplifier/Pre-
amplifier
Optical line amplification

Eastern
1 - N
Western
1 - N
Red band
EDFA
1547.51560.5 nm
Blue band
EDFA
1527.51542.5 nm

WDM
Coupler
WDM
Coupler
OSC 1510 nm
OSC 1625 nm
Page 11
Mainstream
Classification of WDM Systems
Open WDM system
The system supports optical interface conversion in WDM terminal
equipment and can interconnect with SDH equipment from any vendor.

Integrated WDM system
The system does not support optical interface conversion in WDM
terminal equipment.
The performance of optical transponder units (OTUs) in SDH equipment
must meet the following requirements of the WDM system:
Wavelength accuracy, spectral characteristics, transmit optical power and
so on.
Semi-open WDM system
The system supports optical interface conversion at the TX end in WDM
terminal equipment and can interconnect with SDH equipment from any
vendor.
Page 12
Optical transponder unit (OTU): converts the optical signals of non-standard wavelengths into optical signals of standard wavelengths that
meet G.694.1(2).
OM/OD: multiplexes and demultiplexes optical signals of fixed wavelengths that meet G.694.1(2).
Optical amplifier (OA):
Booster amplifier (BA): raises the output optical power of optical signals of different wavelengths by raising the power of multiplexed optical signals.
Pre-amplifier (PA): raises receiver sensitivity for optical signals of different wavelengths by raising the optical power of input multiplexed optical signals.
Line amplifier (LA): regenerates and amplifies multiplexed optical signals.
Optical supervisory channel (OSC): supervises data transmission over the whole network, usually in 1510 nm and 1625 nm (later, with the
use of ESC and OTU, optical signals can directly carry supervisory data. In the ESC technology, the OSC is unnecessary but the OTU should
support ESC).
Structure of the Open WDM System
OTU
OTU
-
-
-

PA
1

n

O
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m
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(
O
M
)

OTU
OTU
-
-
-

1

n

OTM
OLA
OTM
BA
OTU
OM
OA
OD
O
p
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a
l

d
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(
O
D
)

OSC OSC
OSC
OSC
OTU
OTU
LA
C
l
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n
t

C
l
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n
t

Page 13
Summary
Concept of WDM

Requirements for wavelengths in WDM

Classification of WDM systems

Structure of the open WDM system and the role of each part

Page 14
Contents

Page 15
Principle of Optical Transmission Through
Optical Fibers
N 2
N 1
N 1 > N 2
q2
q1
N1Sin q1 = N2Sin q2

Sinqc = N2/N1

q1 >= qc
Refraction law and total
reflection law
Page 16
Structure of an optical fiber
Structure of an Optical Fiber
Which is bigger, the refractive index n1 of the core or the refractive index
n2 of the cladding?
Coating
Cladding
Core
Coating
Cladding
Page 17
Single-Mode and Multi-Mode Optical Fibers
The number of transmission modes in optical fibers varies with diameters of fiber
cores. So optical fibers can be classified into single-mode optical fibers and multi-
mode optical fibers according to the number of transmission modes:
When the diameter of an optical core is much bigger than the optical
wavelength, the optical fiber supports dozens of transmission modes or more.
This kind of optical fiber is a multi-mode one. The core diameter of a multi-
mode optical fiber is relatively big, usually about 50 um.
When the diameter of an optical core is near to the optical wavelength, the
optical fiber supports only one transmission mode. This kind of optical fiber is a
single-mode one. The core diameter of a single-mode optical fiber is relatively
small, usually 510 um.
The above two kinds of optical fibers have little difference in appearance. The
diameter of an optical fiber with a plastic jacket is less than 1 mm.

Only single-mode optical fibers are used in WDM systems.
Page 18
Attenuation of Optical Fibers
Attenuation or loss in an optical fiber is an important factor that restricts the
propagation of optical signals and limits the optical transmission distance. Optical
loss includes absorption loss, scattering loss and bending loss.
Absorption loss is caused by the optical fiber material, mainly including
ultraviolet absorption, infrared absorption and contamination absorption.
Uneven density of material within an optical fiber causes light to scatter, which
is called Raileigh scattering. This kind of loss is the intrinsic property of the
fiber material silicon dioxide.
The bending of an optical fiber causes radiation loss.

The optical fiber attenuation constant is mainly determined by absorption loss and
scattering loss.
Page 19
Variable Curve of Optical Attenuation and Wavelength
Attenuation varies with wavelengths.
The attenuation around 1380 nm goes up sharply due to absorption by hydroxyl ions. This is generally called "water peak".
According to ITU-T, the bands over 1260 nm in a single-mode optical fiber are classified into six bands: O, E, S, C, L and
U.
As we can see, the attenuation in C band and F band is the lowest.
900 1300
1400 1500 1600
1700
Wavelength: nm
Attenuation
dB/km
2
3
1
4
5
1200
M
u
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t
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-
m
o
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o
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f
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(
8
5
0
9
0
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n
m
)

O band E band S C L U
OH-
Page 20
Wavelength Ranges in WDM
Band Description Range (nm) Bandwidth (nm)
O band Original
12601360
100
E band Extension
13601460
100
S band Short
14601525
65
C band Normal 15251565 40
L band Long 15651625 60
U band Ultra-long
16251675
50
In a DWDM system, C band and L band are used because the attenuation in the two bands is the
lowest.

In a CWDM system, multiple bands are used, ranging from 1311 to 1611 nm, because attenuation is
not a major restrictive factor in short-distance transmission.
Page 21
Dispersion of Optical Fibers

The group velocities of optical pulses of different frequencies or modes are different in optical fibers.
Therefore, the arrival time of these pulses at the fiber end is different, which causes pulse broadening.
This is the dispersion in optical fibers.
Dispersion in optical fibers is classified into mode dispersion, chromatic dispersion (CD) and
polarization mode dispersion (PMD):
Mode dispersion is also called inter-mode dispersion. It occurs mainly in multi-mode optical fibers.
CD is also called intra-mode dispersion. It includes material dispersion and waveguide dispersion.
PMD occurs when optical signals in two orthogonal polarizations travel at different speeds in optical
fibers. PMD occurs randomly, so it is a random variable and hard to compensate for.
CD coefficient specifies the arrival time delay that would be included per 1 km of the transmission
line if the wavelength deviates by 1 nm. CD coefficient is indicated by D and the unit is ps/(nm.km).
PMD coefficient is indicated by PMDQ and the unit is ps/km (n = ).
Page 22
Impact of CD
In terms of TDM, CD will cause intersymbol interference.
3

1
3

1

3
1
T
T+T
The intensity of the optical signals output by an optical source of non-zero spectral width is modulated by
electrical pulses. The modulated signals contain all wavelengths of the optical source.
Due to the difference in arrival time of various wavelengths, optical pulses become longer (T + T), which
is called pulse broadening. The bigger the transmission distance of optical pulses, the greater the pulse
broadening. Pulse broadening causes different optical pulses to overlap, which is called intersymbol
interference. Intersymbol interference will cause bit errors, thus limiting the symbol rate and transmission
distance.
But in terms of WDM, CD helps prevent inter-channel interference caused by nonlinearity of optical fibers,
such as FWM and XPM.
We should look at the impact of CD based on dialectics.
Page 23
PMD
PMD occurs when optical signals in two orthogonal polarizations travel at
different speeds in optical fibers. PMD is one of critical parameters related
to optical fibers.
PMD occurs randomly. So it is a random variable.
PMD has the same impact as CD has: resulting in pulse broadening.
Page 24
Cut-Off Wavelength
Cut-off wavelength: the minimum wavelength of optical signals that can be transmitted in a
single mode through a single-mode optical fiber.
When the actual wavelength is smaller than the cut-off wavelength, optical signals in
multiple modes are transmitted through an optical fiber and take on a multi-mode feature.
To avoid modal noise and mode dispersion, the cut-off wavelength in the shortest optical
cable should be smaller than the operating wavelength of the system. The cut-off
wavelength can ensure the single-mode transmission through the shortest optical cable and
prevent the generation of high order modes or reduce noise power to an insignificant
amount.
The cut-off wavelength in G.652 fibers is equal to or less than 1260 nm in a 22 m optical
cable, equal to or less than 1260 nm in a 220 m optical patch cord and equal to or less
than 1250 nm in an optical patch cord less than 2 m.
The cut-off wavelength in G.655 fibers is equal to or less than 1480 nm in a 22 m optical
cable, equal to or less than 1480 nm in a 220 m optical patch cord and is equal to or less
than 1470 nm in fibers with primary coating in an optical cable less than 2 m.
Page 25
Mode Field Diameter (MFD)
In an optical fiber, not all light is transmitted within the optical core. Instead, some
light is transmitted through cladding. The core diameter cannot reflect the distribution
of light. So the concept of MFD is put forward.
MFD is a parameter describing the centralization degree
of light in a single-mode optical fiber.
The smaller the MFD, the greater energy density through
the cross section of an optical fiber. Excessive density will
bring about non-linear effects in the fiber and cause
optical signal-to-noise ratio to decrease. This will affect
the performance of the system significantly.
Question: Which is better, a bigger MFD or a smaller one?
MFD
MFD
Optical core
Page 26
In essence, all media are non-linear, but the non-linear feature is generally insignificant
and hard to manifest. When the fiber input power is low, the fiber takes on a linear feature.
When optical amplifiers and high-power lasers are used in optical communication systems,
the non-linear feature of fibers becomes more significant.
Non-linear effects of single-mode optical fibers are generally as follows:
Stimulated non-flexible scattering: stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and stimulated
Brillouin scattering (SBS)
Kerr-effect: self-phase modulation (SPM), cross-phase modulation (XPM) and four
wave mixing (FWM)
Note: Non-linear effects cannot be eliminated or compensated for. So they should be restricted
as much as possible!
The use of optical fibers with large MFD can reduce the power density on the fibers and
suppress the non-linear effects.
We can prevent non-linear effects by reducing fiber input power or using fibers with large
effective area. Non-linear effects are related to dispersion, but that does not mean the less
dispersion, the better.
Non-Linear Effects of Single-Mode Optical Fibers
Page 27
According to ITU-T, three types of single-mode optical fibers are defined in G.652, G.653, and G.655
respectively. The differences between them are shown in the following table:
Type

Definition

Scope

Main Specifications

G.652
The standard single-mode fiber
(SMF) refers to the fiber whose zero-
dispersion point (the zero-
dispersion wavelength) is near to
1310 nm.
Used in both SDH
system and DWDM
system
Attenuation: The attenuation value of the 1310 nm band is 0.30.4
dB/km and the typical value is 0.35 dB/km. The attenuation value of
the 1550 nm band is 0.170.25 dB/km and the typical value is 0.20
dB/km.
Dispersion: The allowed value of the zero-dispersion wavelength is
13001324 nm. The dispersion coefficient of the 1550 nm band is
positive and the typical value of the dispersion coefficient D is 17
ps/(nm.km). The maximum value is not more than 20 ps/(nm.km).

G.653
Dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) refers
to the fiber whose zero-dispersion
point is near to 1550 nm. Compared
with G.652 SMF, the zero-dispersion
point of G.653 DSF shifts.
Used in the SDH
system but not in the
DWDM system
Attenuation: The attenuation value of the 1310 nm band is less than
0.55 dB/km and the typical value has not been confirmed. The
attenuation value of the 1550 nm band is less than 0.35 dB/km and
the typical value is 0.190.25 dB/km.
Dispersion: The wavelengths in the G.653 DSF are near to 1550 nm,
usually 15251575 nm. The maximum dispersion coefficient is 3.5
ps/(nm.km). The dispersion coefficient in the DSF is too small or
may be 0 for 1550 nm bands, especially C band.

G.655
Non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber
(NZDSF) refers to the fiber whose
zero-dispersion point is shifted
away from 1550 nm and not within
the DWDM operating wavelength
range near to 1550 nm.
Used in both SDH
system and DWDM
system, but more
applicable to the
DWDM system
Attenuation: The attenuation value of the 1310 nm band is not
specified in ITU-T. The attenuation value of the 1550 nm band is less
than 0.35 dB/km, usually 0.190.25 dB/km.
Dispersion: If 1530 nm < < 1565 nm, 0.1 ps/(nm.km) < |D()| < 6.0
ps/(nm.km). The typical value of the dispersion coefficient of the
G.655 NZDSF varies with vendors and needs to be confirmed based
on actual situations, usually 4.5 ps/(nm.km) and 6 ps/(nm.km).
G.652/G.653/G.655 Single-Mode Optical Fibers
Page 28
Characteristics of G.652/G.653/G.655 Fibers
Dispersion
coefficient
ps/(nmkm)
Positive dispersion
coefficient of G.655 NZDSF
Wavelength (nm)
1550
1310
17
1.The minimum dispersion and attenuation in
the 1550 nm band, applicable to the DWDM
system and able to transmit signals at a high
speed.
2.Applications: TrueWave fibers (SPM effects
in the positive dispersion area facilitate
transmission) and LEAF-large effective area
fibers (non-linear effects are weakened)
G.652 SMF: large-scale laying,
high-speed transmission and
dispersion compensation
G.653 DSF: serious frequency
mixture in the 1550 nm band and
not applicable to the DWDM system
Negative dispersion
coefficient of G.655 NZDSF
G.654
Similar to G.653 DSF but different in cut-off
wavelengths. The cut-off wavelength in G.654
fiber is 1530 nm.
Full
wavelength
fiber
Eliminating the "water peak" gain at 1380 nm.
Page 29
Summary
Are multi-mode fibers or single-mode fibers used in WDM
systems?

In what wavelength ranges, is the attenuation the least in
single-mode fibers?

What problems may occur when optical signals are
transmitted in single-mode fibers?

What are the characteristics of G.652/653/655 fibers?

Is less dispersion better?
Page 30
Contents

Page 31
Key Technologies in the DWDM System
Optical amplifier

Optical source
/Optoelectrical detector
Supervisory channel
Wavelength multiplexing
and demultiplexing
Page 32
Optical Source Technologies in the DWDM System
The optical sources in the DWDM system have two distinctive characteristics:
1. Relatively big dispersion tolerance values
2. Standard and stable wavelengths
Therefore, diode lasers (DLs) are used as optical sources in the DWDM system. The DLs
used in the high-speed optical communication system include multi-longitudinal mode
lasers (MLM) and single-longitudinal mode lasers (SLM).
MLM SLM
Amplitude
Primary mode
Secondary mode
Wavelength
Wavelength
Secondary mode
Primary mode
Page 33
b. Mach-Zehnder modulation (M-Z)
1. Direct modulation of optical sources
a. Electro-absorption modulation (EA)
Laser Modulation Methods
2. Indirect modulation of optical sources
Page 34
Advantage: simple technologies and low costs
Disadvantage: Due to frequency changes between "1" and "0", chirp cannot be
avoided, which broadens the bandwidth of spectrums from lasers and degrades
spectral characteristics. This restricts transmission speed and distance. So direct
modulation is applicable to short-distance transmission.
Direct Modulation of Optical Sources
Direct modulation is to use electrical signals "1" and "0" to enable and
disable a laser and use lightwaves of specified wavelengths to carry
electrical signals.
LD
Page 35
Indirect Modulation of Optical Sources
Indirect modulation is to modulate lightwaves by adding a modulator in the
lightwave transmission channel of the optical source instead of modulating
the optical source directly. Actually, the modulator serves as a switch.
A constant optical source is very stable and continuously provides fixed wavelengths
and power. The optical source is not affected by electrical modulation signals. So chirp
can be avoided and the bandwidth of the spectrum is minimum.
The optical modulator processes the stable lightwaves emitted by the constant optical
source by allowing or forbidding lightwaves to pass according to electrical modulation
signals, without exerting any impact on spectral characteristics, thus ensuring the
spectrum quality. So indirect modulation is applicable to high-speed and long-distance
transmission.
The common indirect modulations are EA and M-Z.
Constant
optical
source
Optical
modulator
Optical signal output
Page 36
Advantage: low frequency chirp and long dispersion limited distance
Disadvantage: complex technologies
EA
LD EA
Page 37
Advantage: insignificant frequency chirp and very long dispersion limited distance
Disadvantage: very complex technologies and difficult integration
M-Z
LD
Page 38
Comparison Among Three Types of Optical Sources
In WDM, EA modulated and directly modulated optical sources are often used.
Directly
Modulated
Optical Source
EA Modulated
Optical Source
M-Z Modulated Optical Source
Maximum
dispersion (ps/nm)
1200~2400 7200~12800 > 12800
Cost Moderate High Very high
Wavelength stability Fairly good Good Excellent
Page 39
Optoelectrical Detector
An optoelectrical detector is used to convert received optical signals into electrical
signals.
Semiconductor optoelectrical detectors include positive intrinsic negative (PIN) and
avalanche photo diode (APD).
PIN: lower sensitivity (usually about -20 dBm) and higher overload point
(usually about 0 dBm); applicable to short-distance transmission
APD: higher sensitivity (usually about -28 dBm) and lower overload point
(usually about -9 dBm); applicable to long-distance transmission
Both high reverse bias and strong input optical signals may cause excessive
bias current, which will break down the APD. So operate on site according to
relevant specifications:
1. When measuring an optical channel by using devices such as an optical time
domain reflectometer (OTDR) that can output high-power optical signals,
disconnect the peer communication device from the optical channel to protect
the receiver from being damaged by strong lightwaves.
2. Ensure the input optical power does not exceed the allowed maximum power in
devices. Add proper attenuators to self-loop boards.
3. Do not loosen optical connectors to substitute for optical attenuators.
Page 40
Semiconductor
optical amplifier (SOA)
Fiber Raman amplifier (FRA)
Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA)
Amplifier
Page 41
Structure and Principle of EDFA
Output power of an EDFA is related to the
following factors:

Input light intensity

Erbium fiber length

Pump light intensity

Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise

? ? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
?
? ? ?
? ?
E2 metastable state
Stimulated
absorption
Stimulated
emission
Erbium particle
E1 ground state
980 nm photon
1550 nm photon
Isolator
Isolator
Pump
source
Erbium-doped fiber
Coupler
Optical signal input
Optical signal
output
1480 nm photon
E3 excited state
Spontaneous
emission
Page 42
Gain control methods:
1. Dope metal elements 2. Customize EDFAs by gain flattening filters (GFF)
EDFA Gain Flatness Control

Cascading amplification with uneven amplifier gain
Cascading amplification with flat amplifier gain
Gain
15251565 nm EDFA without aluminum 15251565 nm aluminum-doped EDFA
Gain
Page 43
Gain Flatness Technology GFF
G
Wavelength
1530 nm
EDFA gain spectrum curve
Gain flattening filter (GFF)
GFF
IL
Wavelength
Flatten output
Requirement:
Gain flatness < 2 dB
1560 nm
Gain fluctuation
Page 44
Common EDFA Control Mode
Automatic gain control (AGC)
Output varies with input while gain remains unchanged. AGC is the most common
control mode in the WDM system.
AGC is also called gain locking mode. There are multiple solutions to AGC and the
most common one is electrical control pump technology, as shown below:
Automatic power control (APC)
No matter how input power is changed, output power remains unchanged. In this case,
the gain is changed. APC is used for adjustable gains.
The actual gain is calculated based on output power and input power. Output power
changes with pump power, thus keeping the actual gain at the target value.
APC changes the pump power by detecting output power and comparing it with the target
value, thus keeping actual output power at the target value.
Non-linear
control
Page 45
Why to Use AGC
When other conditions remain unchanged, wavelength multiplexing/demultiplexing through
an EDFA bring the following problems to a WDM system:
When more lightwaves enter the EDFA, input power becomes higher and pump optical
power contributes less to the lightwaves, which causes optical power of each lightwave to
decrease suddenly. If the optical power is lower than the minimum optical power
acceptable to the receiver, transient loss of signals will occur and the gains of lightwaves
will decrease more or less.

When less lightwaves enter the EDFA, input power becomes lower and extra pump optical
power contributes to the remaining channels, which causes optical power of each
ligthwave to rise suddenly. If the optical power is higher than the maximum optical power
acceptable to the receiver, that will overshoot the receiver and the gains of lightwaves will
rise more or less.
Therefore, AGC technology is necessary for amplifiers in the WDM system.
Pump
Pout
Pin
EDF
Page 46
ASE is the primary source of EDFA noises and the main factor contributing to the
degrading of optical signal-to-noise ratio of the system. See the following figure:
ASE noise power generated by an amplifier is: PASE = -58 + NF + G (dBm)
where, NF is the noise figure of an optical amplifier (unit: dB) and G is the gain of the
optical amplifier (unit: dB).

EDFA Noises
OSNR
Span
Page 47
Working current is also called bias current. It determines the output optical power of
an amplifier board. Normally, the output power of the board is stable. Working
current should remain relatively stable.
Refrigerating current is related to the adjustment of refrigerating circuits. On the
amplifier board, refrigerating current varies with the temperature of the pump laser.
Pay attention to the meaning of positive and negative symbols (the negative symbol
indicates heating).
Back facet current is a performance parameter related to the amplifier board. Back
facet current is related to power detection, so we can know the output power of a
laser from back facet current. Generally, we can judge the quality of a pump laser
from back facet current.
Understanding the following parameters will facilitate fault
location in maintenance:
Major Performance Parameters Related to EDFA 3 I
3 I
Page 48
If a weak signal and a strong pump lightwave are transmitted in an optical fiber
at the same time and the wavelength of the weak signal is kept within the
Raman gain bandwidth (GB) of the pump lightwave, the weak signal will be
amplified. The optical amplifier based on the SRS mechanism is called FRA.
PUMP1 PUMP3
70~100nm
30nm
GAIN
PUMP2
PUMP1 PUMP3
70~100nm
30nm
GAIN
PUMP2
Three characteristics:
Gain wavelengths depend on pump wavelengths. Theoretically, any wavelength
can be amplified so long as the pump wavelength is proper.
Optical fibers serve as gain media. So the FRA can amplify optical signals within
optical fibers, which is distributed amplification. Long-distance transmission
without trunks and remote pumps can be achieved.
The noise figure of the FRA is small. So the combination of the FRA and EDFA
can reduce the noise figure significantly and increase transmission span.
Principle of an FRA
Page 49
Principle of an FRA
The following is an example of using non-linear effects of optical fibers skillfully:
SRS: Incident photon energy is transferred to low-frequency lightwaves (frequency
shifts down by 13.2 THz).
A photon of frequency f1 enters an optical fiber. If the photon power is high enough
to cause SRS, the photon will transfer its energy to the photon of frequency f1-13.2
THz and then disappear in the molecular vibration way.
SRS requires very strong light. This is why FRAs are very powerful but dangerous.
An FRA can work in ordinary optical fibers without any restriction on bands.
Theoretically, any wavelength can be amplified.
FRA gain spectrum curve
Page 50
Principle of an FRA
Amplification range
Pump source
The amplification range of a pump source is limited. So choose multiple wavelengths
according to actual situations and add them to amplify any wavelength.
To amplify the wavelength corresponding to frequency f2, choose the incident pump
source corresponding to f2 + 13.2 THz.
Schematic drawing of an FRA:
Optical fiber
Optical signal
Pump1 Pump2
FRA
Page 51
Gain of an Amplifier (G)
Power meter
FRA
Optical signal
Gain of an EDFA (G) = Pout - Pin
P1 indicates the test result when the pump source in an FRA is off.
P2 indicates the test result when the pump source in an FRA is on.

G
on-off
= P2 - P1
EDFA
P1 P2
G = P2 - P1
P1
P2
In an FRA, G refers to on-off gain. The definition and test of G are different from those for an EDFA:
Note: In an FRA, P1 and P2 indicate output optical power.
Optical signal
Page 52
Comparison Between EDFA and FRA
Item EDFA FRA
Amplification principle
Stimulates emission by
semiconductors
A kind of non-linear effect: SRS
Amplification media
Erbium-doped optical fibers
(within amplifiers)
Common optical fibers (line optical fibers)
Pump source 980/1480 nm
The pump source can be chosen
according to the amplification objective.
The RPC of Huawei corresponds to
1427/1457 nm.
Requirement for optical power
of pumps
Ordinary High (SRS threshold is high.)
Bandwidth C band and L band
Theoretically, there are no restrictions on
bandwidth and bandwidth depends on
pump combination.
Noise High Low
Gain test Common gain On-off gain
Page 53
Optical Multiplexer and Demultiplexer
OM OD
OD
OM
Page 54
Currently, the most common components are fiber coupler, dielectric film
and arrayed waveguide grating (AWG).
Optical Multiplexer and Demultiplexer
Fiber coupler
Dielectric film
AWG
Coupling
length (L)
Input
waveguide
Planar coupled
waveguide
Arrayed
waveguide
Output
waveguide
Arrayed
waveguide
Auto-focus len
Filter
Glass
Filter
Page 55
Supervisory Technology
The requirements for supervisory channels in DWDM systems are as follows:

Optical supervisory channels do not impose restrictions on pump wavelengths in
optical amplifiers.
Optical supervisory channels do not impose restrictions on the distance between
two optical amplifiers.
Optical supervisory channels do not impose restrictions on the future services on
the 1310 nm wavelength.
Optical supervisory channels are available even if amplifiers fail.
Page 56
Typical Frame Structure of OSC Data
The 2 Mbit/s interfaces of optical supervisory channels (OSCs) should comply with
the requirements in G.703. The frame structure and bit rate should comply with the
requirements in G.704:
0 Frame alignment signal
02 Byte F1
17 Byte F2
19 Byte E2
20 Byte APE
01 Byte E1
3~15 Byte D1D12
18 Byte F3
14 Byte ALC
Others Reserved
Page 57
ESC Technology
In earlier WDM systems, dedicated OSCs are used for operations, administration and
maintenance of network elements (NEs) . With the development of technologies,
considering product costs, people came up with the idea of using overhead bytes in
fixed frame structure for data communications channels (DCC) and realizing
communications between NEs through interconnections of OTUs. This is electrical
supervisory channel (ESC) technology.
The associated mode is adopted in ESC technology. That is, supervisory data is
transmitted along with main service signals and then separated from the latter at the
peer end. In this mode, supervisory data does not need to occupy extra wavelengths.
In terms of board realization principles, ESCs include fixed frame structure DCCs
and pilot tone modulation DCCs.
Fixed frame structure DCCs further include fixed SDH frame structure DCCs and
GCCs based on G.709 frame structure.
Cost-effective solution
Page 58
Summary
Which optical sources are used in the WDM system? What are the
characteristics of these optical sources?
What kind of receivers are used in the WDM system? What are the
main differences between these receivers?
What is the principle of an EDFA and what is the noise source?
What are AGC, gain flatness and 3I of an EDFA?
What types of OM and OD are mentioned? Which type is currently
used by Huawei?
What are the requirements for OSCs in the DWDM system?
Page 59
Contents

Page 60
Accumulated noises
caused by ASE and
degrading OSNR
System
performance

CD
PMD
Non-linear effects in
optical fibers
SPM/XPM/
Limitations of DWDM Systems
Four limiting factors: attenuation, dispersion (CD and PMD), OSNR and non-linearity.
Attenuation is not a major problem because it can be solved through amplifiers.
The 40G DWDM system puts higher requirements for optical transmission. Compared
with the 10G DWDM system under the same physical conditions, the limiting factors to
the 40G DWDM system are as follows:
OSNR is degraded by four times (6 dB), CD tolerance is reduced by 16 times and
PMD is degraded by four times and non-linear effects become more obvious.
Page 61
Calculation of OSNR
As a key parameter related to optical amplifiers, NF describes the value of ASE
noise generated by optical amplifiers:
(dB) 58 (dBm) (dB)
5 . 12 , 1
1
G P NF
GHz
h
P
G
NF
ASE
ASE
+ =
= A |
.
|
\
|
A
+ = v
v v
Noise generated by one amplifier: Pase = -58 + NF + G (dBm)
G1 G2 G3 Gi Gn
L1 L2 Li
Ln-1
A
Usually, OSNR refers to that of the output end of the last amplifier. For output end A,
OSNR = Ps(A)/Pase(A).
where, Ps (A) indicates signal power at A and Pase (A) indicates noise power at A.
Pase (A) is equal to the accumulated noise power at A of all amplifiers.
Page 62
Example of OSNR Calculation
WBA02
WBA02 WPA02 WPA02
5
30dB
-25 -2
-18 +5
37dB
-32
OSNR
#1 #2
#3
#4
ASE noise generated by each amplifier is (NF = 5 dB):
Pase1 = Pase2 = Pase3 = Pase4 = -58 + 5 + 23 = -30 (dB) = 1E-3 (mw)

The total noise power at the output end of the last amplifier is:
Pase = (Pase1 - L1 + G2 - L2 + G3 - L4 + G4) + (Pase2 - L2 + G3 - L4 + G4)
+ (Pase3 - L4 + G4) + Pase4 = 1E (-3 -3 + 2.3 - 2 + 2.3 - 3.7 + 2.3) + 1E (-3 -2
+ 2.3 - 3.7 + 2.3) + 1E (-3 - 3.7 + 2.3) + 1E (-3) = 0.00001589 + 0.00007943 +
0.00003981 + 0.001 = 0.00113513 (mw) = -29.45 (dBm)

OSNR at the output end of the last amplifier is: OSNR = Ps(mw)/Paseh(mw) =
Ps(dB) Pase(dB) = -9 - (-29.45) = 20.45 dB > 20 dB
The OSNR calculated above meets the requirements of the system.
Page 63
Example of OSNR Calculation
The OSNR calculated by the above tool is 19.93 dB, which is near to the value 20.45 dB
obtained in the formula. If the OSNR calculated by using CAS.EXE meets relevant
requirements, the actual OSNR is desirable.
Note: This tool is saved in the CD-ROM 7.0. The path is: \Chinese data CD-ROM 7.0\ 05-
WDM product data\01-WDM public\03-Functions and characteristics\02-Tools\01-Rough
calculator of OSNR.
Page 64
To improve the OSNR of the system:
1. Combine low-noise pre-amplifiers and high-gain amplifiers.
2. Combine FRAs and EDFAs to reduce the NF.
To reduce the OSNR tolerance:
1. Use forward error correction technologies forward error correction (FEC),
enhanced forward error correction (EFEC) or adaptive forward error
correction (AFEC).
2. Use special coding technologies.

How to Improve OSNR Margin
Page 65
Signal Coding Technologies
NRZ
RZ
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Smaller duty cycle

Larger Q factor margin under the same OSNR conditions

Stronger capability to resist optical dispersion and non-linear distortion

Stronger capability to resist received eye pattern distortion caused by polarization
division multiplexing (PDM)
Page 66
Signal Code Technologies
2000 Tbit/s x km
SuperDRZ
Capacity x distance
1000 Tbit/s x km
3000 Tbit/s x km

ALL
RAMAN
systems

RZ
CSRZ

SuperCRZ
ODB
BL-PSBT
DMS
Comparison among coding technologies
Code Modulation
Technologies
Non-Linearity Dispersion Tolerance
Spectrum
Efficiency
Remarks

RZ
RZ Good Normal 50 GHz
CSRZ Good Normal 50 GHz
DMS Very excellent Good 50 GHz
In engineering implementation,
FRAs are necessary.
SuperCRZ Very excellent Normal 50 GHz
SuperDRZ Excellent Good 25 GHz
Achieve the best balance among
non-linearity, dispersion and
spectrum efficiency.
SuperWDM technology
Page 67
SuperDRZ Technology

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
SuperDRZ
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
SuperDRZ
SuperDRZ pulse sequence before entering the optical fiber (the phase difference
between red pulses and blue pulses is 180 degrees)
Due to opposite phases between two adjacent
pulses "1", the signal indicating optical power
is equal to 0 is received by the receiver.
In SuperDRZ, the transmitter converts input differential signals to positive and
negative pulses to drive MZ modulators. The phase difference between adjacent
codes "1" in modulated optical pulse sequences (SuperDRZ coding) is 180 degrees
(opposite phases).
As optical signals are transmitted in the optical fiber, optical pulses are broadened.
But due to opposite phases between adjacent codes "1", light intensity is
approximate to 0 despite overlapping codes "1".
SuperDRZ pulse sequence after optical transmission for some time (the phase difference between
red pulses and blue pulses is 180 degrees)
Page 68
SuperDRZ Reduces Intersymbol Interference
Eye patterns of signals after optical transmission over different distances
Compared with RZ, SuperDRZ has larger dispersion tolerance and can reduce
intersymbol interference.
SuperDRZ has larger PMD tolerance than RZ.
General RZ
SuperDRZ
Page 69
Excellent Non-Linear Tolerance of SuperDRZ
DRZ inherits the advantage of SuperWDM in non-linear tolerance through
controllable chirp modulation.
Special frequency modulation can reduce non-linear effects such as SPM,
FWM, SRS and SBS.
Page 70
FEC Technology
FEC includes inband FEC and outband FEC. The main FEC technology used for
DWDM boards is outband FEC. Outband FEC is supported by ITU-T G.975/709.
Signal payload
FEC
coding
As specified in ITU-T G.975, FEC coding/decoding are done for SDH signals directly
through RS(255, 239) codes.
ITU-T G.709 describes the structure of optical transmission networks (OTN). In this
standard, the FEC overhead belongs to the OTUk layer in an OTN.
Comparison of theoretic BERs before and after RS(255, 239) FEC
BER Before FEC BER After FEC
1.0E-3 8.6E-8
2.0E-4 2.0E-12
1.0E-4 5.0E-15
1.0E-5 6.3E-24
1.0E-6 6.4E-33
Page 71
FEC Technology
FEC and extended FEC in the ITU-T G.709 standard:
Figure 1 Standard OTUk frame structure
Figure 3 OTUk frame structure FEC overhead size extension
Figure 2 OTUk frame structure FEC coding type extension
Page 72
FEC Technology
Coding Coding Algorithm Coding Gain Line Speed Standard
Out-band FEC RS(255, 239) 57 dB 10.7 Gbps G.709
Enhanced-FEC
RS(255, 238)
RS(245, 210)
79 dB 12.5 Gbps No
Advanced-FEC
RS(255, 238)
BCH(900, 860)
BCH(500, 491)
79 dB 10.7 Gbps G.709
The line speed in AFEC is equal to that in
outband FEC but coding gain in AFEC is higher.
The coding gain in AFEC is near to that in EFEC,
but the line speed is lower in AFEC. So
bandwidth costs in AFEC are lower.
AFEC complies with the frame structure defined
in ITU-T G.709.
Page 73
Without
FEC
Inband
FEC
Out-band
FEC
AFEC
OSNR > 25 dB
OSNR > 23.5 dB
OSNR > 20 dB
OSNR > 16 dB
Without
FEC
Out-band
FEC
OSNR > 20 dB
OSNR > 14 dB
10G:
2.5G:
Requirements for OSNR in FEC
Page 74
Currently, CD effects are reduced mainly by using dispersion compensation
modules (DCMs) to compensate for accumulated dispersion in optical fibers. There
are mainly two kinds of chromatic dispersion compensation technologies:
1. Dispersion compensation fiber (DCF)
2. Dispersion compensation grating, that is, chirped fiber grating (CFG)

In the current DWDM system, the main dispersion compensation technology is DCF.
Dispersion Compensation Technology
Page 75
The difference between DCF and general fibers lies in that the dispersion coefficient at
1550 nm is negative. This kind of negative dispersion fibers are connected to the G652
optical system to offset the positive dispersion in G652 fibers.
The typical value of the dispersion coefficient of DCF is -90 ps/(nm.km). So DCF can
make dispersion value in the total link approximate to 0 only by occupying 1/5 of the
total G.652 fiber.
DCF
Dispersion coefficient
Wavelength
General DCF
Dispersion slope compensation fiber (DSCF)
Page 76
Dispersion limit = (Dispersion tolerance / Dispersion coefficient)
+ DCM compensation - (1030)
(The system should have 1030 km redundant length.)

The dispersion tolerance of a 10G optical wavelength conversion unit is 700 ps/nm. In the G.652
fibers, the dispersion coefficient is 17 ps/(nm.km). Considering the redundant length is 1030 km,
the longest transmission distance without compensation is: L = 700/17 - (1030) = 1030 km. That
is, when the transmission distance exceeds 30 km, DCM must be used for compensation.
Similarly, in the G.655 fibers, the dispersion coefficient is 4.5 ps/(nm.km). The longest
transmission distance without compensation is: L = 700 / 4.5 = 155 km. That is, when the
transmission distance exceeds 100 km, DCM must be used for compensation.
In G.652 optical fibers, the calculation formula is:
DCM L - [(Dispersion tolerance / Dispersion coefficient) - (1030)] = L - [(700 / 17) - (1030)]
= L - (1030)
In G.655 optical fibers, the calculation formula is:
DCM L x (4.5 / 17) - (1030) = Lx - (1030)

Note: Convert the length of a G.655 fiber to that of a G.652 optical fiber: Lx = L x (4.5 ps / 17 ps)
Calculation of DCM Dispersion Compensation
Specifications
Page 77
CFG
CFG is formed due to etching by ultraviolet rays that are sent to optical fibers through the
template, which makes the refractive index of the optical fibers change periodically.
Lightwaves of different frequencies in input pulses are reflected by different parts of the
grating and coupled between two counter-propagation mode fields. Adjust reflection delay to
make it equal to that of optical transmission but in opposite directions.
Optical circulator
1
2
3
Input signal
Output signal
CFG
Long
wavelength
Short
wavelength
Page 78
Key Technologies in 40G Transmission
Code modulation technologies
ODB, CS-RZ, RZ-DPSK, DQPSK
FEC
AFEC
Dispersion
management
ADC, EDC
Distributed Raman
amplification
OSNR tolerance is
raised by 6 dB.
Dispersion tolerance is
decreased by 16 times
(60 ps/nm).
PMD effects are
increased by four
times.
More danger is caused
by non-linear effects.
Under the same physical conditions, the 40G DWDM system should meet the following requirements to
compete with the current 10G DWDM system in performance:
AFEC can improve the white noise correction capability and lower system OSNR tolerance by 6 dB.
Use advanced code modulation technology and improve transmission performance in a
comprehensive way and reduce restrictions on OSNR, PMD, non-linearity and dispersion.
Use new dispersion management technology such as ADC, improve dispersion tolerance and reduce
non-linearity.
Page 79
Summary
What are the main limiting factors to the WDM system?

What kind of technology is used by Huawei for CD?

What measures can be taken to improve the OSNR?
Page 80
Contents

Page 81
Types of Huawei WDM NEs
According to the usage, Huawei
WDM NEs include:
Optical terminal multiplexer (OTM)
Optical line amplifier (OLA)
Optical add/drop multiplexer (OADM)
REG
Take the BWS 1600G for example to illustrate networking signaling flows.
Page 82
Networking Types
SDH
OTM
OLA OLA OTM SDH
STM-16s
16
OTM16/16
120 km
STM-16s
16
STM-16s
Eight
OTM16/16
120 km
OADM16/8
Chain networking:
Point-to-point networking:
Page 83
Networking Types
Ring networking:
OADM
OADM
OADM
OADM
18
18
18 18
Page 84
Schematic Drawing of Networking for the BWS 1600G
D
M
X
D
M
X
D
M
X
D
M
X
OTU L
OTU L
OTU
OTU C
M
U
X
M
U
X
M
U
X
OTU
L OTU
C
OTU
OTU
SC1
ITL
ITL
ITL
SC1
SC2 SC2
OADM
OADM

F

I

U
OTM
OLA
OADM
OTM
C
L

F

I

U

F

I

U

F

I

U

F

I

U

F

I

U
C
M
U
X
ITL
L band module C band module
50GHz 50GHz
50GHz 50GHz

C/L band module
D
M
X
D
M
X
D
M
X
D
M
X
OTU L
OTU L
OTU
OTU C
M
U
X
M
U
X
M
U
X
OTU
L OTU
C
OTU
OTU
SC1
ITL
ITL
ITL
SC1
SC2 SC2
OADM
OADM

F

I

U
OTM
OLA
OADM
OTM
C
L

F

I

U

F

I

U

F

I

U

F

I

U

F

I

U
C
M
U
X
ITL
D
M
X
D
M
X
OTU
OTU C
M
U
X
C
OTU
OTU
SC1
ITL
SC1
SC2 SC2
OADM

F

I

U
OTM
OLA
OADM
OTM
C

F

I

U

F

I

U

F

I

U

F

I

U

F

I

U
C
M
U
X
ITL
M
U
X
C
OTU
OTU
C
M
U
X
ITL
ITL
D
M
X
D
M
X
OTU
OTU C
C
ITL
ITL
50 GHz 25 GHz
50 GHz
50 GHz 25 GHz
In the new system structure, only C band modules are used; expensive L band
components have been removed; modular upgrade is supported; the Interleaver
supporting 25 GHz wavelength interval is added.
Page 85
Evolution of Networking for the BWS 1600G
OTM REG REG OTM
OADM
Phase 1:
Point-to-point networking
600 km transmission without electrical
regenerators
OADM
ROADM
Phase 2:

Ring networking
20003000 km transmission without
electrical regenerators reducing
optical-electrical-optical (OEO)
conversion costs
Phase 3:
Ring/Mesh networking
Supporting dynamic networks based on
reconfigurable optical add/drop
multiplexing (ROADM) technology
40005000 km transmission without
electrical generators
OADM
OADM
Page 86
Diversified Fixed Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (FOADM)
Low costs
Simple structure
Maximum of 16 wavelengths
FOADM I
Multiple-layer dielectric
film technology
Serial OADMs
FOADM II
AWG technology
Parallel OADMs
Supporting online upgrade
100% wavelength add/drop
Direct pass-through without
electrical regenerators
Extension capability from 2D
to 3D
The purpose of using OADM is to lower wavelength converter costs in DWDM.
EREG
Page 87
Example of FOADM Networking
ADM
OTU
ADM
OTU OTU
ADM
ADM
ADM
OTU
FOADM I FOADM II
3: pass-through at
each OADM node and
no need for electrical
regenerators
2: pass-through at
FOADM I nodes and
add/drop at FOADM II
nodes
1: add/drop at each
OADM node

Flexible FOADM configuration according to wavelength add/drop scale at each node
FOADM suitable for middle and small nodes ( 16) and FOADM suitable for large nodes (>
16)
Page 88
2D ROADM
Splitter
/Drop filters
Add filters
/Combiner
WB module
ROADM II
(Wavelength selective switch)

Suitable for 2D nodes
Supporting dynamic wavelength
add/drop and pass-through
100% wavelength add/drop
Built-in optical balance
Coupler
1 x 9 switch
Multi-port Mux/Demux
WSS module
Tunable laser for colorless add
Broadband receiver for colorless drop
ROADM I
(Waveblocker)
Colorless add/drop
Easier upgrade
2D-4D-8D lossless extension
capability
Supporting mesh networking
40 switches
Page 89
Multi-D ROADM
Colorless drop and multi-degree update ports
OA
1*9
WSS
S
OA
E
OA
E
OA
S
OA
N
OA
W
OA
W
OA
N
M32 D32
1*9
WSS
1*9
WSS
1*9
WSS
1*9
WSS
1*9
WSS
1*9
WSS
Add local traffic Drop local traffic
Coupler Coupler
1*9
WSS
Ring1
Ring2
Major hub
nodes
Flexible optical layer cross-connect automatic wavelength connection through cross-ring
networking, thus eliminating manual optical patch cord between hub nodes.
Online upgrade from 2D to multi-D (a maximum of 8D is supported)
Reducing regenerators through optical layer pass-through reducing high costs caused by
expensive electrical regenerator cascading
Page 90
Flexible ROADM Networking
Regional convergence
nodes
2D nodes
Low wavelength
add/drop rate
Local termination of
add/drop services
Basically no need for
rebuilding

ROADM (WSS)
OADM
/ROADM (WB)
Regional core nodes
Low wavelength
add/drop rate
Connecting with 35
nodes
Need for remote
rebuilding and
management
Core nodes
High wavelength
add/drop rate
Possible need for
rebuilding
Connecting with multiple
nodes
Page 91
Summary
What types of ROADMs are mentioned?
Thank You
www.huawei.com

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Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM): Wavelength interval

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