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dam is a structure built across a stream, river or estuary to retain water. Dams are made from a variety of materials such as rock, steel and wood. Dam is a solid barrier constructed at a suitable location across a river valley to store flowing water.
Storage
of water is utilized for following objectives Hydropower Irrigation Water for domestic consumption Drought and flood control For navigational facilities Other additional utilization is to develop fisheries
Advantages of Dam
Dams gather drinking water for people. Dams help farmers bring water to their farms.
Recreation Navigation
Disadvantages of Dam
Dams detract from natural settings, ruin nature's work Dams have inundated the spawning grounds of fish Dams have inhibited the seasonal migration of fish Dams have endangered some species of fish Dams may have inundated the potential for archaeological findings Reservoirs can foster diseases if not properly maintained Reservoir water can evaporate significantly Some researchers believe that reservoirs can cause earthquakes
Upstream
MWL Max. level NWL Normal water level
Crest
Down stream
Spillway (inside dam)
Free board
Sluice way
Gallery
Heel
Toe
Sluice Gates
Classification of Dams
Classification based on function Storage Dam Detention Dam Diversion Dam Coffer Dam Debris Dam
Classification of Dams
Classification based on hydraulic design Overflow Dam/Overfall Dam Non-Overflow Dam Classification based on material of construction
Classification of Dams
Classification based on structural behavior Gravity Dam Arch Dam Buttress Dam Embankment Dam
Gravity
Dams:
Reservoir Force
These dams are heavy and massive wall-like structures of concrete in which the whole weight acts vertically downwards
As the entire load is transmitted on the small area of foundation, such dams are constructed where rocks are competent and stable.
Gravity Dam
Gravity dams are dams which resist the horizontal thrust of the water entirely by their own weight.
Concrete gravity dams are typically used to block streams through narrow gorges.
Uplift force
Ice force Earthquake forces
Bhakra Dam is the highest Concrete Gravity dam in Asia and Second Highest in the world. Bhakra Dam is across river Sutlej in Himachal Pradesh The construction of this project was started in the year 1948 and was completed in 1963 .
It is 740 ft. high above the deepest foundation as straight concrete dam being more than three times the height of Qutab Minar. Length at top 518.16 m (1700 feet); Width at base 190.5 m (625 feet), and at the top is 9.14 m (30 feet) Bhakra Dam is the highest Concrete Gravity dam in Asia and Second Highest in the world.
Buttress Dam
Buttress Dam Is a gravity dam reinforced by structural supports Buttress - a support that transmits a force from a roof or wall to another supporting structure
This type of structure can be considered even if the foundation rocks are little weaker
Buttress Dam
Buttress dams are dams in which the face is held up by a series of supports.
Buttress dams can take many forms - the face may be flat or curved.
Buttress Dam
Arch Dams:
These type of dams are concrete or masonry dams which are curved or convex upstream in plan This shape helps to transmit the major part of the water load to the abutments Arch dams are built across narrow, deep river gorges, but now in recent years they have been considered even for little wider valleys.
Arch Dam
An arch dam is a curved dam which is dependent upon arch action for its strength. Arch dams are thinner and therefore require less material than any other type of dam. Arch dams are good for sites that are narrow and have strong abutments.
They are trapezoidal in shape Earth dams are constructed where the foundation or the underlying material or rocks are weak to support the masonry dam or where the suitable competent rocks are at greater depth. Earthen dams are relatively smaller in height and broad at the base They are mainly built with clay, sand and gravel, hence they are also known as Earth fill dam or Rock fill dam
Embankment Dam
Embankment dams are massive dams made of earth or rock. They rely on their weight to resist the flow of water.
Embankment Dam
Earth Dams: are the most simple and economic (oldest dams) Types: 1.Homogeneous embankment type 2.Zoned embankment type 3.Diaphragm type
Embankment Dam
Homogeneous Embankment Dam
Embankment Dam
Zone-Based Embankment Dam
Embankment Dam
Diaphragm Earth Dam
Embankment Dam
A coffer dam during the construction of locks at the Mongomery Point Lock and Dam.
Types of Dam
Rockfill 3%
Earthfill 58%
Topography-Valley
Shape Geology and Foundation Condition Climate conditions Availability of construction materials Spillway size and location Environmental considerations Earthquake zone Overall cost General considerations