COMPUTER BASICS PART I

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING (EDP)

WHAT IS DATA PROCESSING?

DATA:

Collection of facts Raw information INFORMATION: Useful Information Facts in organized manner DATA PROCESSING: Sequence of actions required to be performed on data to convert it into results.

Data Processing Operations

1:Recording and Storage 2: Verifying 3: Duplicating 4: Classifying 5: Sorting 6 :Merging 7: Calculating 8: Searching and Retrieving 9: Summarizing and report writing 10: Communication

METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING

1. Manual Data Processing

Pencil and Paper work Work sheets Journals Ledgers Adding Machines Type writers

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Mechanical Data Processing Calculator

1. Electromechanical Data processing

Card punch Machines Electronic type writers Accounting machines Unit Record Equipment Calculator Computers

1. Electronic Data Processing (EDP)

First Generation Computers

(1946 - 1959) Major Components: Vacuum tubes. ENIAC EDVAC UNIVAC First large scale vacuum tube computer

(1946) ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was completed in 1946 by John Mautchly and Presper Eckert at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering (1500 Square feet, weight 30 tons, 19,000 tubes).

First Generation Computer cont..

EDSAC (Electronic Delayed Storage

Automatic Computer) (1949) Completed in 1949 at Cambridge University, England. First Computer to use the stored the Program concept. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) completed in 1952. EDVAC First American Computer to have stored program feature. UNIVAC-I become operational at Census Bureau in 1951.
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Second Generation Computers

Period -1956-64 Solid state devices (Transistors) 1000

times faster than First Generation Computers. IBM 700

Second Generation Computers cont..

Manufacture Model

Burroughs Control Data General Electric Honeywell IBM 1400 RCA Univac 110 Phil co NCR

B5000, 200 series CDC 1604, 160A GE 635, 645, 200 400 Series, 800 series 7070, 7080, 7090, series 1600 series 501 UNIVAC III, 5580, 5590, 2000 300

Third Generation Computer

Period-1964 - 1970 - Integrated Circuits -Microsecond 106 -Nanosecond 109 -Secondary storage devices, terminals

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Third Generation Computer cont..

Manufacturer Model
Burroughs 5700, 6700, 7700 Control Data 3000 series, 6000 series, 7000

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series Digital Equipment PDP-8 series, PDP II series General Electric GE 600 series, GE 235 Honeywell 200 series, 60 series IBM System / 360 series, System / 370 series RCA (increased by UNIVAC) Spectra 70 series UNIVAC 1108, 9000 series NCR Century series

Third Generation Computer cont..

Manufacturer Model
Burroughs 5700, 6700, 7700 Control Data 3000 series, 6000 series,7000

series Digital Equipment PPP-8 series, PDP-II series General Electric GE 600 series, GE 235 Honeywell 200 series, 60 series IBM System / 360 series, System/ 370 series RCA (increased by UNIVAC) Spectra 70 series UNIVAC 1108, 9000 series NCR Century series
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Fourth Generation Computers

Since 1970 till now Chip Technology
LSI - Large Scale Integrator Circuits MSI Mass Scale Integrated Circuits Size of Chip - 1/4 square inch Semiconductor Technology

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What is a Computer?
A device that is capable of performing

computations and making logical decisions. An electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes data, and can be programmed with instructions. A computer is composed of hardware and software, and can exist in a variety of sizes and configurations.

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How to use a computer and not lose your mind

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Terminology

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Hardware ws Software

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Hardware
Hardware: - Physical Component of

computer which constitutes computer system is called hardware. OR Electronic, Electrical and Magnetic parts of computer are known as hardware. Type of Hardware
CPU Peripherals

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Example of Hardware
Memory RAM/ROM Hard Disk/Floppy Disk/CD/DVD Keyboard/Mouse/Monitor CPU/Motherboard Modem Power Supply

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RAM
RAM Stand for Random Access Memory Temporary Memory

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ROM
ROM Stand for -Read Only Memory Permanent Memory Silicon Chip

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CPU
Central Processing Unit Brain of Computer Heart of Computer Calculation Device

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Looking at the CPU

CD Rom drive 3.5 inch floppy disk drive On/Off button Restart button

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Computer Structure

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Computer Organization
Six Logical Units are in every Computer Input unit -Obtains information from input devices (keyboard, mouse) Output unit -Outputs information (to screen, to printer, to control other devices) Memory unit -Rapid access, low capacity, stores input Information Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)- Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions. Central processing unit (CPU)-Supervises and coordinates the other sections of the computer. Secondary storage unit- Cheap, long-term, 25 high-capacity storage, stores inactive

CPU Monitor Mouse Keyboard

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Units of Time
Unit Abbreviation Duration (seconds) Second sec/s 1 Millisecond ms 10-3 = 1/1,000 Microsecond s 10-6 = 1/1,000,000 Nanosecond ns 10-9 = 1/1,000,000,000 Pico second ps 10-12 =1/1,000,000,000,000 Fenton second fs 10-15 =1/1,000,000,000,000,000
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Software
A general term for computer programs and

documentation involved in the operation of the computer.

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Example of Software
Program Data Application Software Operating System (OS) Programming Language System Software Utility Program

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Program
A sequence of instructions directing a

computer to perform a particular function. Or A statement of an algorithm in a programming language.

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Operating System
Interface between the Computer and User. A collection of programs for operating the

computer. Operating systems perform housekeeping tasks such as input/output between the computer and peripherals, and accepting and interpreting information from the keyboard.

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Evolution of Operating Systems

Batch Processing -Do only one job or task at a time. Timesharing -Perform a small portion job one users job

then moves then moves on to service the next user. Multiprogramming -Many job or task sharing a computers resources.
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BOOTING
1. Operating System is loaded from Secondary Memory to the Main Memory. After loading of the OS, the computer is ready for use. 2. ROM BIOS instructions get executed. Hardware check is performed. 3. IO.SYS and MS-DOS.SYS system files get read from hard/ floppy disk then CONFIG.SYS gets read and executed. Type of Booting
Cold Booting Warm Booting
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Data Representation
Computer memory Millions of switches

(relays) Two possible states on or off or open or closed charged or discharged (like a capacitor) Each switch is a bit one binary digit The on state is binary 1 The off state is binary 0
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Data Representation
Bits when grouped together can to represent

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any number using the binary (base 2) number system. Bit stands for Binary Digit 1 Bytes 8 bit 1 Nibble 4 bit Most fundamental measure of Memory 256 Megabytes of memory = 2,048,000,000 bits 1 Byte = 1 Character K = 1024 bytes (K means Kilo) M = 1024 x 1024 bytes (M means Mega) G = 1024 x1024 x 1024 (G means Giga)

Units of Size
Unit

Abbreviation Size (bytes) Bit b 1/8 Byte B 1 Kilobyte KB 210 = 1024 Megabyte MB 220 = 1,048,576 Gigabyte GB 230 = 1,073,741,824 Terabyte TB 240 = 1,099,511,627,776 Peta byte PB 250 = 1,125,899,906,842,624
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Number Systems
People

-Work in base 10
Computers

-Work in base 2
Engineers

-Often work in other groupings of computer bits -Octal base eight -Hexadecimal base sixteen

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Number Systems
Base 10 Base 2

-12210 = 2*100 =2*101 =1*102

-1102 = 0*20 =010 =1*21=210 =1*22=410 =610

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Number Systems cont..

Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Octal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Binary 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

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COMPUTER LANGUAGES
Low level language
Use Binary Digits (0,1)

High-level languages
Similar to everyday English, use mathematical

notations (translated via compilers)

Example:
FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, C and C++

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