MANUAL AND AUTOMATIC SWITCHING

Yoga -- Lanre -- Dotun -- Shahab -- Nijin

INTRODUCTION
Earliest Telephone Provides two way wired communication between two remote locations. Limitation: fixed end locations. To overcome the limitation, each telephone had lines connected to multiple other telephones Problem it wasnt practical as the use of telephone expanded Solution telephone switching

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INTRODUCTION
Telephone switching - a system that connects a caller to a callee when a call is made. Telephones connected to a central hub. Central hubs role connect a caller to a callee

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INTRODUCTION

Early model Manual switching, in 1878. Electromechanical exchanges (Strowger exchanges) replaced manual exchanges in early 1990s. The last Strowger exchange in UK was replaced in June 1995.

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MANUAL SWITCHING
Switchboard Exchange Switchboard consist of subscriber's telephone line local termination Operated manually by actual (women) workers

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MANUAL SWITCHING

Operation:
Operator will be alerted when receiver is lifted signal lamp would light Operator plugs the Answering Cord into the callers jack. Operator will ask the caller for the number to be connected to. If the callee is someone within the operators local exchange, the Operator will plug the callers Ringing Cord into the callees jack to start the call.

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MANUAL SWITCHING

Manual Switching Operation (cont)

If the callee is someone outside the operators local exchange, she would connect the callers Ringing Cord to a trunk circuit to connect to another operator at the next local exchange start of a long distance call. The subsequent operator will repeat the process, and if the callee is not within the other operators local exchange, the call will be trunked to another local exchange. A long distance call involves a chain operators across few local exchanges. This chain of calls can only be made if the trunk lines are available between all the (involved) exchanges at the same time. When a call is completed, the operator would unplug the cords from the callees jack.

AUTOMATIC SWITCHING

Invention Strowgers Exchange

Invented by Almon Brown Strowger A local undertaker in Kansas City A wife of another local undertaker worked at the local manual telephone exchange Whenever a business call is made for Strowger, the wife deliberately connects the call to her husband Strowgers competitor. Frustrated - Strowger was driven by the motivation to replace human factor in manual exchange Strowger developed an automatic electromechanical switching system that does not require human operator When a call is made, a moving arm moves around many other contacts to establish a connection to the callee. In UK, the first public automatic switching exchange went into operation in 1912.

FEATURES OF STROWGERS SYSTEM

In small exchanges (village): 3 digits numbering scheme was used. In large exchanges (town, city): 4 to 5 digits numbering scheme was used. To connect a call to a another exchange, a uniform dialling code was used. The exchange-dependant-unique code will identify a given exchange so that calls can be made to a subscriber from that exchange regardless of where the call is originating from (the callers location) A device called the Translator was used to translate the uniform code and route the calls accordingly. Uniform codes used 3 digits numbering scheme, often using the mnemonic system to help users remember exchange codes easily. For example: VICtoria (842)

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FEATURES OF STROWGERS SYSTEM

Uses Timed Pulse rotary dialling Ring Generator is used to produce progress tones
Dial Tone Busy Tone - either the callee is busy or if the route to the callee is congested Number Unobtainable Tone Number out of service or faulty Ring Tone

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FEATURES OF STROWGERS SYSTEM

Automatic Charging system was employed by allocating a digit counter meter to each subscriber in the exchange. A photographer will take the photos of the meter reading and send it to the billing department at the end of a given billing period. Multi-metering system was used for non-local calls where different pulse rates were produced in the meter to reflect the charges appropriately.

HOW IT WORKS - UNISELECTOR

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A selector starts in 'home' position Each impulse will move the arm by one position Each output connected (or lead to) a different subscriber

HOW IT WORKS? BI-MOTION SELECTOR

Bi-Motion Selector

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BIGGER PICTURE

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1) 2)

Receiver is lifted circuit is closed - exchange receives signal that a caller wants to dial a number Uniselector wipes across busy contacts stops at the first contact with a free selector (Selector 1) - each contact is connected to a selector. Caller will hear a dial tone caller can dial a number - 4388 When 4 is dialled, the signal four is transmitted to exchange. Selector 1 will receive the pulse four, and will move vertically to row 4. Its arm will sweep again (horizontally), to search for a contact that is connected to a free selector Selector 2. Selector 2 will receive the pulse three, and move vertically to row 3 Again, its arm will search (horizontally) for a contact that is connected to a free selector the Final Selector. When pulse eight is received, the arm will move vertically to row 8. When the last pulse eight is received, the arm will move horizontally and stops at contact number 8. The caller will be connected to the callee with the number 4833. Return either Busy Tone or Ring Tone Register charging against callers account

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A TYPICAL DAY IN A STROWGER EXCHANGE

SUMMARY
The need for exchanges Manual Exchange

Highlights:
Manually operated Switchboard based Dialling by verbal communication

Automatic Exchange

Highlights:
Operated electromechanically No human operator needed in call making process Dialled numbers send pulse signals to exchanges Pulse signals influence selectors to connect to the intended callee