Egypt

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Egypt

Geographical condition Egypts landscape varies from the strip of a fertile land in the valley of the river Nile, then arid region and finally to a vast desert In the lower northern Click to edit Master subtitle style part it meets the Mediterranean Sea In the Eastern part it extends up to Red Sea Egypt has spread its trade through these two 5/1/12 to the western and Seas

Factors influencing Architecture

Factors influencing Architecture

The Nile, longest, mightiest, life giving river is the conduit of ancient culture and essence of Egypt Its green valley is the cradle of civilization HenceClick to edit Master subtitle style the Egyptian Pharaohs built their city for the living and the dead along the river Nile Egypt is the gift of the Nile
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Geographic conditions

Factors influencing Architecture

Geological condition Rich clay was abundant from the Nile delta Sun-dried brick were used To strengthen the clay it was mixed with palm leavesClick toreeds and edit Master subtitle style Papyrus- boats and baskets Fine limestone (Mokattam Hills & Tura)- Construction of Pyramids

Sandstone (Silsila) Temples and Sarcophagus

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Factors influencing Architecture

Red or grey granite (Aswan)- columns and architraves Temples and tombs stone Houses and palaces unbaked bricks For Egyptians, tombs- eternal abode Home temporary place

Click to edit Master subtitle style Architrave is the lintel or beam that rests on the capitals of the column

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Factors influencing Architecture

Types of construction

Batter or inclination Corbelling brick vaults Arch developed by Romans Scaffolding Stone masonry

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Geologic conditions 5/1/12

Factors influencing Architecture

Climatic condition Two seasons

Climate warm and bright Due to the bright sunshine, interiors if the buildings, temples got sufficient light through doors and roof slits Click to edit Master were less Provision of windows subtitle style Massive walls protected the interiors from the intense heat of sun

Spring Summer

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Factors influencing Architecture

hieroglyph Greek origin Sacred carving Except for the Nile delta, storm and rain were rare- no need for roof drainage Flat roofs were common-religious ceremonies

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Climatic conditions 5/1/12

Factors influencing Architecture

Religious condition The mysterious tradition and religious rites were reproduced in their architecture in the forms of

Many temples were constructed with

Tombs Temples Worshippers of Gods and heavenly bodies- Sun, Moon, Stars, animals- embodiment of God pillared to edit Master subtitle style Click court hypostyle halls dark chamber and chapel

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Factors influencing Architecture

Egyptian Gods- associated in Triad Great Theban Triad 1. Amon (the hidden)

Mut (His consort)- mother of all 2. Khons (their son) moon god Click to edit Memphis Triad Master subtitle style 1. Ptah -a creator 2. Sekhmet (His consort)- goddess of war 3. Nefertem (their son)
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Ra(Sun God) God of war God of conquest

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Factors influencing Architecture

Social condition Egyptian literature has been preserved on papyrus plant and tablets Historical events- temples Social events tombs The Pharaohs employed

Pharaohs owned and subtitle style whole country Click to edit Master ruled the Studied astronomy Invented 365 days calendar- to predict Niles flooding

Prisoners of war and slaves agriculture and building construction

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Factors influencing Architecture

Historical condition Kings of ancient Egypt Pharaohs The pharaohs consist of 30 dynasties Dynasties 1-10- Ancient kingdom (Pharaoh Menes)

First dynasty king united Upper and lower Egypt ; Memphis, capital city

Civilization progressed, development of hieroglyph Mastabas sun Master subtitle style Click to edit dried bricks Great pyramids were built at Giza, Abusir and Saqqara Sphinx

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Factors influencing Architecture

Dynasties 11-23- Middle kingdom Pharaohs shifted their capital to Thebes Pyramids crude bricks in the interior and stone masonry at the outer facing Amenemnat edit Master subtitle style Click to founded the Great temple of Amon at Karnak Senusret erected a large Obelisk at Heliopolis Many open fronted tombs were constructed at Beni Hasan
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Historical conditions

Factors influencing Architecture

Rameses was the founder of 19th dynasty He started the construction of great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak

Dynasties 23-30- New kingdom Instead of pyramids and tombs, building were constructed editthe capital Thebes Click to at Master subtitle style Amenophis built the main part of the temple at Luxor

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Factors influencing Architecture

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Historical conditions 5/1/12

Egypt
One or two storey height houses Living hall in the centreto protect from the fierce heat of the sun To increase stability, the walls were broad at the base to edit Master subtitle style Click Batter outside; interior walls will be vertical Walls were crowned with gorge cornice or hollow and roll mouldings
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Domestic Architecture

Egypt

Egyptian architecture is a columnar and trabeated (trabbeam) style Tombs Temples Palaces Cenotaphs Obelisks
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Egypt

Tomb was an eternal home to Egyptians The ancient Egyptians has a strong belief that there was a mysterious kingdom of the dead on the western side were the sun sets Hence tombs were built on the west bank of Nile They also believed that the dead man survived in the tombs, and if it is not built for them, a second death Click to edit Master subtitle style would take place and his soul would wander in dark realms

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Tombs
Mastabas Royal pyramids Rock cut caves

1. 2. 3.

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Tombs
Evolution of Tombs/ Pyramids

Pit Graves Mastabas Stepped Pyramid Pyramid at Meidum

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Bent Pyramid

Red pyramid at Dashur Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) at Giza,

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Evolution of Pyramids

Evolution of Pyramids

Dead bodies of common and poor people were buried in pit graves Pit graves were more or less desert cemeteries It was a heap of sand over the grave, which was held in place by a circle of stone. These pit graves started to grow in size. Soon sun dried bricks were used for construction of walls and timber for roof. style Click to edit Master subtitle This marked the beginning of the construction of Mastabas.

Pit graves
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Evolution of Pyramids

Mastaba is an Arabic word meaning bench Rich noblemen were buried in the mastaba Egyptians believed that everyone is born with the Kathe spirit, and after death the Ka lives in the tomb or his eternal home The nobles dead bodies were buries along with their possessions

Jewels Click to Furniture edit Master subtitle style Crockery Food drinks

Mastabas
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Evolution of Pyramids
Inside the mastaba, a deep chamber was dug into the ground and lined with stone or bricks The exterior building materials was the sun dried bricks Even as more durable materials of stone came edit Master subtitle style Click to into use, the cheaper and easily available mud bricks were used for all but the most important monumental structures

Mastabas
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Evolution of Pyramids

The mastaba was built with a north-south orientation This above ground structure had space for a small offering chapel equipped with a false door to which priests and family members brought food and other offerings for the soul ofClick to edit Master subtitle style the deceased A second hidden chamber called a "serdab", Arabic word-cellar, It houses a statue of the deceased that was hidden within the masonry. 5/1/12 walls of the serdab have

Mastabas

Mastabas

a broad pit in underground with wooden roof on wooden or brick pillars covered with mud and rubble held in place by sloping retaining walls It was Click to edit Master subtitle style flat topped The elevation had alternate buttress like projections

Plan

Section

First Dynasty
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Mastabas

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First Dynasty
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Mastabas

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First Dynasty
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Mastabas

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First Dynasty
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Mastabas

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First Dynasty
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Mastabas

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First Dynasty
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Mastabas

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First Dynasty
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Mastabas

Stairway Mastabas These mastabas are much deeper than the mastabas found in the 1st dynasty. The burial chamber is cut into the rock. Stairways starts from the north and descend to connect to the passage way. Stone portcullises They acted as stoppers. These Click to edit Master subtitle style large stone were lowered from top after completion. The recess on the eastern side was used to place offering
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Mastabas

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Stairway Mastabas

Second & Third dynasty 5/1/12

Mastabas

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Mastabas

Shaft Mastabas In these Mastabas the burial chamber was cut deep in the rock The Stairway was replaced with the shaft. Click to edit Master subtitle style A small chapel was attached to the mastabas A small recess is on the eastern side had
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Fourth Dynasty

Mastabas
Mastaba of Ti Offering rooms had become more elaborate The entrance is located just below ground level The entrance is through a portico with 2 columns, which leads to a courtyard Click to edit Master subtitle style From the courtyard , a narrow corridor connects to two rooms To the right is the passage which has a false door to Tis wife Neferhetpes
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Fifth & Sixth dynasty

Fifth & Sixth dynasties

The larger of the two rooms holds the most beautiful relief and was used as an offering room The south wall of this offering hall, there are three small openings through which serdab Click to statue is seenedit Master subtitle style In the west wall of the offering room, there are two false doors. In front of one of them stands an offering table in alabaster The north wall has a 5/1/12 beautiful relief of Ti

Mastaba of Ti

Fifth & Sixth dynasties

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Mastaba of Ti 5/1/12

Mastabas

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Fifth & Sixth dynasty 5/1/12

Evolution of Pyramids

Stepped Saqakara

Pyramid

at

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Stepped pyramids

The step-pyramid was the first stone building The site was chosen by Djoser Two sets of subterranean galleries, over 130 meters long, located immediately to the South of Djoser's complex The galleries were located underneath the Western massifs

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Pyramid at Saqakara 5/1/12

Stepped pyramids

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Pyramid at Saqakara 5/1/12

Stepped pyramids

The step Pyramid complex of Djoser contains Enclosure walls 2. Entrance 3. South court 4. Heb-Sed court 5. Temple T 6. House of south & House of north Click to edit Master subtitle style 7. Mortuary Temples 8. Step pyramid
1.

Pyramid at Saqakara 5/1/12

Pyramid at Saqakara 1. Enclosure wall The Enclosure wall of Djoser's Pyramid-complex was 10.5 meters high and 16.45 meters long, covering an area of about 15 hectares Other than the 14 large bastions, there were smaller bastions protruding from the wall every 4 meters 13 out of 14 of them were carved with the stone imitation of a closed door The 14th bastion, located near the South-East corner of the enclosure wall, contained the actual and only entrance to the complex

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Pyramid at Saqakara 2. Entrance The complex can be entered through the small and narrow entrance in the South- east corner of the enclosure wall The entrance is followed by a long colonnaded corridor containing 40 columns

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Pyramid at Saqakara The ceiling of the corridor was carved with the imitation of wooden logsindicating that the Djoser Complex is a stone version of wooden buildings The entrance corridor opens into a small hypostyle hall wider than the corridor

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Entrance

Pyramid at Saqakara Four pairs of columns, decorate this court-showing the traces of red paint to bring the color of wood

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Entrance

Pyramid at Saqakara 3. South court is a large, almost rectangular open area located to the South of the Step Pyramid Almost centered in this court are two stone constructions shaped like our letter B, at some distance from each other and with their rear side facing each other

The ritual which was celebrated to rejuvenate the king Click to edit Master subtitle styleBetween these two constructions, the king was supposed to perform a ritual run, to show his ability and physical vigor

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Pyramid at Saqakara 4. Heb- Sed court is a long, rectangular and relatively narrow open court, located between the Entrance Corridor and the House of the South It can be entered either through a narrow passage that leads north from the entrance To the West and East, this vast court is flanked by several chapels Click to edit Master subtitle style

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There are different types of chapels, each of them preceded by a small court

Pyramid at Saqakara

5. Temple T At the East side of the South court, at 60 meters to the North of the Entrance hall, near the passage leading to the Heb-Sed court, there is a small structure called Temple 'T This 'temple' was a rectangular building with three delicately Click to edit Master subtitle style carved fluted columns connected by supporting walls

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Pyramid at Saqakara

6. Houses of the South and North located to the East of the Step Pyramid, North of the Heb-Sed Court Each house has it's own courtyard House of the south has the largest court among the two Northern house symbolizes Lower-Egypt Click to edit Master subtitle style Southern house symbolizes Upper-Egypt

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Mortuary Temple

7. Mortuary Temple had rooms and chambers inside northern location of the temple is notable, as in most other, more recent cases a temple or offering chamber was located to the East of the tomb Click to edit Master subtitle style

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Mortuary Temple

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The Stepped Pyramid 8. Pyramid Standing 60 meters high, Djoser's Step Pyramid, the oldest pyramid-like monument built in Egypt, was the centerpiece not only of the Djoser complex but of the entire Saqqara area Click to edit Master subtitle style

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The Stepped Pyramid Stage M1 Initially, both the shape and the size of Djoser's funerary monument were a lot more modest: a uniquely square Mastaba Consisting of a core of local stone encased in an outer layer of limestone Stage M2 When the first stage was completed, the Mastaba was extended by about 4 meters on each side and a second encasing of fine limestone was added (stage). This extension, however, was slightly more than half a meter Click original Mastaba, M1, lower than the to edit Master subtitle style the resulting in a stepped Mastaba (M2)

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Evolution

The Stepped Pyramid

Stage M3 This stepped mastaba was enlarged towards the East only by some 8.5 meters. M3 was a rectangular, stepped mastaba, with two steps on the East side and one step on the three others. The Mastaba of stage M3 was extended by some 3 meters on all sides and was converted into a regular, rectangular mastaba, without any steps. Click to edit Master subtitle style This mastaba became the first step in evolution of Step-pyramid

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Evolution

The Stepped Pyramid Stage P1

Stage P2

Initially three Mastaba-like structures were stacked on each other and on the lowest Mastaba, resulting in a 4-stepped pyramid of some 40 meters in height This structure was largely Clicktowards to edit Master subtitle style extended the North and the West, and then towards the South and the East Two additional steps were then added resulting in the final 6-stepped pyramid The was 5/1/12 pyramid

Evolution

The Stepped Pyramid

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Evolution

Pyramid at Meidum The entry to the pyramid is on the north-south axis in about fifteen meters above ground level It was built by Pharaoh Sneferu ;started by his father Huni, the last king of the 3rd dynasty The Pyramid at Meidum represents a transition from the Third to the Fourth Click architecture dynasties and into edit Master subtitle style and from built of large limestone blocks

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Pyramid at Meidum

composed of five accretion layers, inclined at an angle of 75 and standing on a square base about 38m on a side, whose outer surfaces were built of carefully dressed limestone blocks The ramp had a gradient of ten degrees and made it possible to construct the lower half of the pyramid, which composes 88.5 percent the total volume of the pyramid. The gradient on the upper half of the ramp will be Click to edit Master subtitle style higher

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Pyramid at Meidum

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Bent Pyramid

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Bent Pyramid

The Bent Pyramid owes its modern-day name to the fact that the upper half of this pyramid was built with a smaller angle than the lower part, giving it a very characteristic bend The actual name The Southern Shining One - it was built at the Southern edge of Dashur, was built by Snofru pyramid has a base length of 188 meters and is 105 meters high

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Bent Pyramid it was begun with a slope of 60 degree Structural problems, caused mainly by the unstable sandy underground forced the builders to build with a slope of 5427'44" Fearing that the pyramid would collapse under its own weight, its slope was lowered to 4322' somewhere halfway up the building The internal structure of the Bent Click to edit Master subtitle style Pyramid- two internal structures; with entrances in the North and West sides

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Bent Pyramid From the north, a passage descends down to an antechamber In order to deal with the downward pressure of the pyramid on this chamber, its roof was made of different courses, with each course projecting more inwards than the course below. This technique is known as corbelling The burial chamber, also with a corbelled roof, is located above the Click to edit Master subtitle style antechamber

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Bent Pyramid The second entrance, in the West face of the pyramid, leads down via a descending passage to a horizontal corridor which was intended to be blocked by some portcullis slabs The second burial chamber, behind these portcullises, also has a corbelled roof It is at a higher level than the first burial chamber

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Scaffoldings of cedar beams were intended to give the room some additional support After they were completed, the two burial chambers were connected by a passage that was cut out through the existing masonry

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Red Pyramid

The several structural problems encountered while building the Bent Pyramid at Dashur South, led Sneferu to build another pyramid, at a small distance to the North Stripped from its limestone casing, this new pyramid has a reddish color, hence its modern-day name, the Red Pyramid The Red Pyramid was built with a slope of only 4322 Its base length is 220 meters, 32 meters more than the Bent Pyramid Its height is the same as the Bent Pyramid in its final state: 105 meters An inscription found at the base of this pyramid has shown that work had started somewhere between Sneferu 15th and 30th year Click to edit Master subtitle style

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Red Pyramid

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Entrance Antechamber Antechamber Burial chamber

2.

3.

4.

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Red Pyramid The broader base and lower slope were intended to better spread the mass of this pyramid and thus avoid the structural problems that had temporarily halted works on the Bent Pyramid The entrance is located high up in the Northern face of the pyramid A descending passage leads down for 62.63 meters to a short horizontal corridor This is followed by two almost identical antechambers with corbelled roofs Both antechambers measure 3.65 by 8.36 meters and are 12.31 meters high The burial chamber can only be reached via a short passage which opens high up in the wall of the second antechamber The burial chamber measures 4.18 by 8.55 meters. Its corbelled roof goes up to a heightClick to edit Master is located well above ground level, in the core of 14.67 meters. It subtitle style of the pyramid

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Red Pyramid

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Pyramid of Giza

It is also known as the pyramid of Khufu , the second king of 4th dynasty It was constructed between 2589B.C 2566B.C It was constructed in 13 acres of land This pyramid is built near Cairo for the Cheops Khufu, the second king 4th dynasty The pyramidical base measures 230.5m x230.5m and a height of 146.4m. The four faces form roughly equilateral triangles and their sides make an angle 51 52 From the top to the bottom of the pyramid and till the apex the stone was coated with gold Click to edit Master subtitle style

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Pyramid of Giza

Ground level of the campus The pyramid is built with limestone and plastered with lime mortar in joints. From the north end entrance is provided at a height of 17m from the ground through which a small corridor is built One corridor descends while the other ascends 21 m above the ground. The Queens chamber is located here The corridor descends at an angle of 26 below the ground was a subterranean chamber is provided on the central axis Click to edit Master subtitle style An ascending corridor is constructed nearly at the ground level at an angle of 30 about 18m long for a height of 21m above the ground which connects to the Queens chamber It is left incomplete and also closed From here the ascending corridor becomes wider into a large passage known as the Grand gallery
5/1/12 Ground level

Pyramid of Giza

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Pyramid of Giza

The Grand gallery contains a passage of 2.1m wide and 2.3m height covered by a corbelled vault in seven courses up to a height of 8.5m At the end of the grand gallery is the Kings chamber were granite sarcophagus is placed The Kings chamber is 10.5m long 5.2m wide and 5.8m high

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Grand gallery

Pyramid of Giza

The Queens chamber has two air shafts Two narrow shafts, averaging about 20x20cms, that begin in the north and south walls of the chamber and climb steeply upwards These shafts are not entirely straight The north shaft in the Queens chamber bends after about 17m

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Queens chamber

Pyramid of Giza

Kings chamber (or) Upper chamber Within the short passageway between the upper end of the Great Gallery and the Queens chamber, there is the last plugging block preventing access to the pharaohs burial chamber. It consists of three pink granite monoliths that were originally held vertical by means of ropes and a pulley and then lowered to form a barrier beyond it, in the Kings chamber in the 50th course of masonry This chamber, which measures 10.54m long, 5.20m wide and 5.80m high, is truly a masterpiece of ancient Egyptian architecture, made entirely of pink granite Click to edit Master subtitle style It had to be built to resist an enormous amount of pressure

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Kings chamber

Pyramid of Giza

Its flat ceiling is composed of nine huge blocks with a combined weight of over 400 tons. Above it are no less than five, carefully designed relief chambers which were to create an intrusive passageway

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Kings chamber