Foundations of American Education, Fifth Edition

L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan

L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 4 The Impact of Educational Theories on Educational Practice

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L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

What is a Theory?
A theory is a hypothesis (or set of hypotheses) that is verified by observation or experimentation.

L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

What is a Theory of Education?

A theory of education is a composite of systematic thinking about: schooling the nature of the learner curriculum instructional methods classroom management assessments the role of the teacher
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Theories of Education
perennialism progressivism behaviorism essentialism social reconstructionism postmodernism
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Perennialism Is About Protest

Perennialism protests against secularization and against excessive focus on science and technology at the expense of reason.

L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Perennialism
The Purpose of Schooling
to teach eternal truths to cultivate the rational intellect to develop a spiritual nature to prepare

The Nature of the Learner

Students are rational beings of value and worth. They have an intellect and a soul.
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Perennialism
Curriculum

(continued)

- Christian doctrine - Great Books and the liberal arts - character training and moral development

Instructional Methods
didactic instruction coaching Socratic Method

Classroom Management
train the will time on task precision and order orderliness and structure
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Perennialism
Assessment
objective exams and essay exams

(continued)

The Teacher
educated in the liberal arts an authority figure; disseminator of the truth a director of mental calisthenics an intellectual coach

Leading educational proponents

Jacques Maritain Robert Hutchins Mortimer Adler Allan Bloom
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Progressivism Is About Protest

Progressivism protests against an emphasis on universal truth, at the expense of experience and relevance.

L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Progressivism
The Purpose of Schooling
to focus on a democratic society to encourage cooperation to develop problem-solving and decision-making skills

The Nature of the Learner

Students learn by doing. They can set their own objectives for learning. They can work together to solve problems. They can make classroom rules. They are able to test and evaluate ideas.
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Progressivism
Curriculum
experience-centered child-centered growth-centered

(continued)

Instructional Methods
cooperative group activities project method scientific method problem solving decision making
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Progressivism (continued)
Classroom Management
democratic participatory self-directed

Assessment
formative evaluation ongoing feedback
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Progressivism
The Teacher
a facilitator and guide a director of learning a collaborative partner

(continued)

Leading educational proponents

Pestalozzi Rousseau Francis W. Parker John Dewey Ella Flagg Young William H. Kilpatrick Theodore Sizer
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Behaviorism Is About Protest

Behaviorism protests against importance placed on mental processes that cannot be observed, such as thinking and motivation.
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Behaviorism
The Purpose of Schooling
to increase appropriate behaviors to decrease inappropriate behaviors to teach new behaviors Students are capable of learning new behavior and of changing behavior.
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The Nature of the Learner

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Behaviorism (continued)
Curriculum
cognitive problem solving critical-thinking skills

Instructional Methods
reinforcement programmed instruction computer-assisted instruction problem solving anger control self-instruction and self-reinforcement
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Behaviorism
Classroom Management
identify expected behavior establish procedures and routines monitor/observe use rewards and penalties

(continued)

Assessment
behavioral objectives performance contracting self-assessment
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Behaviorism
The Teacher
behavioral engineer controller of behavior arranger of contingencies

(continued)

Leading educational proponents

Pavlov Watson Thorndike Skinner Premack
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Essentialism Is About Protest

Essentialism protests against a perceived decline of intellectual rigor and moral standards in schools.

L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Essentialism
The Purpose of Schooling
to train the intellect to teach culture and traditions to teach knowledge and skills

The Nature of the Learner

Students can become culturally literate and develop disciplined minds.
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Essentialism
Curriculum

(continued)

Back to Basics instruction in the essentials moral development and character training

Instructional Methods
lecture recitation discussion Socratic dialogue
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Essentialism
Classroom Management
character training discipline clear expectations respect for others

(continued)

Assessment
IQ tests standardized achievement tests diagnostic tests performance-based competency tests
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Essentialism
The Teacher Leading educational proponents
William C. Bagley Arthur E. Bestor Admiral Hyman G. Rickover E.D. Hirsch, Jr. William Bennett Chester Finn Diane Ravitch

(continued)

intellectual, trained in the liberal arts, sciences, or humanities skilled communicator

L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Social Reconstructionism Is About Protest

Social reconstructionists protest against the status quo. To them, society is in need of change. Education needs to take the lead in bringing about these changes.

L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Social Reconstructionism
The Purpose of Schooling
to become agents of change

The Nature of the Learner

The student is capable of initiating and adapting to change, and thus is a critical agent in social change.

L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Social Reconstructionism (continued)

Curriculum
democratic critical theory critical literacy societal problems and global issues hidden curriculum

Instructional Methods
problem solving critical thinking planning for change
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Social Reconstructionism (continued)

Classroom Management
conflict resolution community building

Assessment
formative evaluation ongoing feedback

L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Social Reconstructionism (continued)

The Teacher
agent of change; shaper of a new society transformational leader

Leading educational proponents

Karl Marx George S. Counts Theodore Brameld Harold Rugg Ivan Illich Paulo Freire
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Postmodernism Is About Protest

Postmodernism protests against disequity between the dominant culture and
the disenfranchised, disadvantaged, or marginal groups in society.
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L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Postmodernism
The Purpose of Schooling
to develop critical literacy to question scientific realism to question objectivity, truth, and rationality

The Nature of the Learner

The student can develop an awareness and understanding of disequity and injustice in society.
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Postmodernism
Curriculum

(continued)

critical literacy suffering and injustice cultural politics; challenge unequal power hidden curriculum

Instructional Methods
constructivism question, critique, and examine
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Postmodernism
Classroom Management

(continued)

nonthreatening, supportive open to discussing controversial subjects encourages self-discipline

Assessment
authentic assessment self-evaluation
L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Postmodernism
The Teacher
scholar-practitioner leader critical thinker agent of change

(continued)

L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Postmodernism (continued)
Leading early educational proponents
Karl Marx Theodor Adorno Max Horkheimer Herbert Marcuse Jurgen Habermas Eric Fromm

L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Postmodernism (continued)
Leading modern educational proponents
Michael Apple Jacques Derrida Michel Foucault Henry Giroux Jean-Francois Lyotard Richard Rorty

L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Identifying Your Philosophy of Education

Educational philosophies and educational theories change. Most educators are eclectic. It is important to develop and articulate a philosophy of education.

L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations of American Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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