LAND USE

Land use - The way in which land is used,

especially in farming and city planning

Land Use
General Land use:

Urban Land uses: Residential Commercial Industrial Institutional Parks/playgrounds Infrastructure/utilities Etc.

Four Major Categories:

Built-up Agriculture Forest Special use

LAND USE CATEGORIES AND COLOR CODING

Classification of Urban Uses

Residential-amount of land depends on the of which

new households are formed and on immigration. Commercial areas- category includes all types of wholesale, retail and service activities serving areas larger than neighborhoods. Included in this category are the : -Major Central Business Districts in urbanized areas -Minor Central Business District in less urbanized areas -Highway Service Centers or Commercial Strips such as highway gas stations, traveler's inn and restaurants

 Institutional Areas- covers the major public and semi-public

uses like educational, cultural, religious, health, protective and government services Industrial uses- includes manufacturing, refining, fabricating, assembly, storage, parking and other incidental uses including food processing, cottage industry, sawmills, rice mills, steel mills, chemical processing plants, etc. -also included are the proposed industrial estates/subdivision

 Parks/Playgrounds and other Recreational Areas- the

space requirement may be computed with the use of space standards based on population or area of the municipality or city Open Space- so called non-functional open spaces and includes lands reserved for greenbelts and buffer zones; and other vacant lands reserved for specific or functional purposes

Constraints to Development -identify different constraints such as soil conditions,

flooding, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and other natural condition -mapping guidelines- illustrates the physical obstacles to development such as subsidence and flooding risk

Land Use Related Problem

Evaluate the land use related problems such as flooding,

deforestation, conversion of prime agricultural lands, pollution, incompatible uses, etc.

Land use Zoning

Zoning is a device of land use planning used by local

governments in most developed countries. The word is derived from the practice of designating permitted uses of land based on mapped zones which separate one set of land uses from another. Zoning may be use-based or it may regulate building height, lot coverage, and similar characteristics, or some combination of these.

Zonning..
Scope
The primary purpose of zoning is to segregate uses that

are thought to be incompatible. In practice, zoning is used to prevent new development from interfering with existing residents or businesses and to preserve the "character" of a community. Zoning is commonly controlled by local governments such as panchayats or municipalities.

Zonning..
Zoning may include regulation of the kinds of activities which will

be acceptable on particular lots (such as open space, residential,agricultural, commercial or industrial). The densities at which these activities can be performed (from low-density housing such as single family homes to high-density such as high-rise apartment buildings), the height of buildings, the amount of space structures may occupy, the location of a building on the lot (setbacks), the proportions of the types of space on a lot, such as how much landscaped space, impervious surface, traffic lanes, and parking must be provided.

Zonning..
Basically, urban zones fall into one of five major categories: Residential Mixed residential-commercial

Commercial
Industrial and special (e. g. power plants, sports

complexes, airports, shopping malls etc.).

Land Use Pattern

Basic Urban Form Conceptual Frameworks
Trend Extension
- resembles the Dispersed Sheet urban form of Kevin Lynch, which he described as having maximum flexibility, personal comfort, independence and where local participation is highly possible
- Trend extension is the result of individuals building anywhere according to their own preferences and convenience with minimal government intervention. - development is spread evenly over a wide continuous tract, very accessible to open land, and transport is designed as continuous grid. - no vivid or memorable image of the city and costly provision of public service.

Dispersed Sheet

Land Use Pattern

Linear Urban Form
- Ribbon or Strip development

characterized by concentration of development along both sides of major transportation routes such as roads, navigable rivers or other form of transport network generally start on a one-lot-deep into a grid system. also resembles what Kevin Lynch refers to as the Urban Star which is characterized by a strong urban core with secondary centers of moderate densities, distributed along main radials roads. very strong visual image

Strip/Linear Development

Urban Star

Land Use Pattern

Multi-Nodal Urban Form

re-directs development away from the urban core or city center toward identified urban growth areas or nodes. approximates Lynchs Galaxy form, which is characterized by clusters of development with each cluster having its own specialization. the major center provides specialized facilities and services to its nodes and acts as it external linkage to other centers of the city or municipality. The nodes support the major center as its captive market while providing neighborhood facilities and services to its area of influence.

Galaxy form

Centric and Nodal form

Land Use Pattern

Under the Centric and Nodal form, a number of additional mixed-use growth areas will be developed outside the Poblacion area existing center of development. another related nodal-central type of development is Radial and Circumferential. It shows a development channel fanning out from a given center where points of activities are interconnected by radial and circumferential road systems which are potential development corridors.

Radial and Circumferential

Land Use Pattern

Concentric Urban Form
this form reflects an outward expansion of urban development from the city center/core induced by the construction of new circumferential and radial roads. the form pattern matches the Core City of Kevin Lynch has the unique characteristic of concentrating development into one continuous body originating from the center or core. aiming to maximize land use in the Poblacion or city center to provide more open space outside, this urban form redirects future development in and around the Poblacion/city center, extending to the adjoining barangays or barrios. As a result, the direction of growth enlarges the urban core.

Core City

Concentric Development

Land Use Pattern

Grid Form
this system is made up of rectangular blocks defined by parallel and intersecting streets. The simplicity of this layout provides accessibility of plots and/or structures, but conflict or movement could arise due to numerous intersections.

Grid Development

Land Use Pattern-Shapes

Radiocentric
A large circle with radial corridors of intense development emanating from the center

Star
Radiocentric form with open spaces between the outreaching corridors of development

Rectilinear
Usually with two corridors of intense development crossing the center; usually found in small cities rather than in large

Rin g A city built around an open space

Land Use Pattern-Shapes

Linear
Usually the result of natural topography which restricts growth; may also be a transportation spine.

Sheet
A vast urban area with little or no articulation.

Articulated sheet Branch

A linear span with connecting arms. A sheet accented by one or more central clusters and several subclusters.

Land Use Pattern-Shapes

Constellation
A series of nearly equal sized cities in close proximity

Satellite
Constellation of cities around a main cluster

URBAN LAND USE MODELS

URBAN GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT

URBAN LAND USE MODELS
W H AT S A M O D E L ? CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL (BURGESS) S E C TO R M O D E L ( H O Y T )

Whats a model?
Best synonym:

a model = a representation
Textbook definition:

An idealized representation of a part of reality which is constructed so as to demonstrate certain of its properties. --Yeates and Garner, The North American City

The Concentric-Zone Model

Proposed by Burgess A sociologist at the

University of Chicago: 1925 book titled The City

Based on a study of land use patterns and social

group dynamics in Chicago

Geographically the city was visualized like 5 or 6

major rings, such as from a cross-section of a tree

A model with five zones.

Concentric-Zone Model
1A CBD Proper 1B Fringe of CBD 5 2 Zone in Transition 4 or Gray Zone 3 3 Lower Income Housing 4 Higher Income Housing 2 5 Commuters Zone Wholesaling, warehousing, truck CBD = Central Business 1B & railroadDistrict depots >>things that service CBD uses; In Chicago: The Loop Mixed residentialextreme office bldgs, cannot afford stores, land Dept and commercial uses Suburban proper; may need Older residential area; former homes of valuescalled areas CBD ring: Zone of Burgess of banks, hotels, theaters containing this satellite well-to-do have trickled down to lowmore land Workers Housing Important theoretical under-pinnings Independent>> things that service entire Single-family residences; cities income; Businesses and light for Industrialuses haved moved out to this streetcarmetro area have moved model workers. by These provided May suburbs manufacturing, print shops economists such as Alonso and out from Zone 2 boarding houses as circumpherential Zone ofborrowed vonhighways newly Muth (who slums, rooming houses, Thunens begin to assimilate, prosper, start arrived immigrants ideas!) families

1A

Concentric-Zone Model
A model with five zones.

Zone 1
The central business district (CBD) Distinct pattern of income levels out to the commuters zone Extension of trolley lines had a lot to do with this pattern)

Concentric-Zone Model

Zone 2
Characterized by mixed pattern of industrial and residential land use Rooming houses, small apartments, and tenements attract the lowest income segment Often includes slums and skid rows, many ethnic ghettos began here Usually called the transition zone

Concentric-Zone Model

Zone 3
The workingmens quarters Solid blue-collar, located close to factories of zones 1 and 2 More stable than the transition zone around the CBD Often characterized by ethnic neighborhoods blocks of immigrants who broke free from the ghettos Spreading outward because of pressure from transition zone and because blue-collar workers demanded better housing

Concentric-Zone Model

Zone 4
Middle class area of better housing Established city dwellers, many of whom moved outward with the first streetcar network Commute to work in the CBD

Concentric-Zone Model

Zone 5
Consists of higher-income families clustered together in older suburbs Located either on the farthest extension of the trolley or commuter railroad lines Spacious lots and large houses From here the rich pressed outward to avoid congestion and social heterogeneity caused by expansion of zone 4

Classic Industrial City 1850s

Konx and Pinch 2000 Urban Social Geography

Industrial City 1945-1975

The Post-industrial City

What are the main characteristics of a CBD?

How many characteristics of a CBD can you spot in the next four slides?

THE INNER CITY (ZONE 2)

Also known as the Twilight or Transition Zone

Zone 2 of the Urban Land-use Model THE INNER Typical aerial view of an Inner City Area CITY

Typical style of housing in the Inner City

When and Why did Inner City Areas Grow up?

Developed during the 19th
century due to rapid expansion of industry (led to the demand for workers)

As more moved to the cities there was a demand for low cost houses for the workers
This resulted in high-density cheap housing (fitting as many houses as possible in a small area People had to live close to work due to lack of transport

Typical Characteristics of Inner City Areas

High Density Housing
Mainly terraced (some back to back) Built in Long Straight Rows Front doors opening onto the street

Few Amenities (little or no sanitation (often built with toilet in Back Yard
Mainly Ethnic Minorities, students, older people and unemployed (lower income groups) Mainly private / rented

Problems in Inner City Areas (since 1950s / 1950s) Lack of Open Space 7. 1. Industrial Decline (see
other notes) 2. High unemployment 3. Abandoned Warehouses eyesore and led to vandalism 4. High Crime Rates 5. Poor Quality Housing 6. Overcrowding 8. Lack of Parking Spaces 9. Atmospheric Pollution (factories / traffic)

10. Lots of heavy traffic (for industry)

INNER AND OUTER SUBURBS

Reasons for Growth of the Suburbs
1. Better public transport and increased car ownership meant people could separate work from where they live. 2. Building societies provided mortgages making it easier to buy homes 3. People were better off and looking for a better living environment.

This has lead to conflict due to different land-uses wanting to locate here (see diagram for examples)

Homer Hoyt, an economist, presented his sector model in 1939. Maintained high-rent districts were instrumental in shaping land-use structure of the city. Because these areas were reinforced by transportation routes, the pattern of their development was one of sectors or wedges.

Sector

Multi Centres 3 2 3 6 9
6 Heavy manufacturing 7 Sub business district 8 Residential suburb 9 Industrial suburb

3
4 3 3 3 4 5 3

1 4 5

3 3

1 CBD 2 Wholesale and light manufacturing 3 Low-class residential 4 Middle-class residential 5 High-class residential

The important factor is not distance from CBD as in the concentric zone model, but direction away from CBD. Wedge-shaped land use zones: like pieces of pie. Does the side of town matter in Tucson?

As growth occurs, similar activities stay in the same area and extend outwards Good for accommodating growth development axes; growth momentum. Concentric zone model requires redevelopment to change the amount of residential land use of different types. Why do land use areas take wedge shapes? Follow older radial transport lines. High-class residential on higher ground or along an environmental amenity (e.g., wooded ravine). Lower-class residential along the tracks coming in and out of town.

This theory is particularly good for residential land use.

Both the concentric zone and sector models are monocentric representations of urban areas. How realistic are they for an auto-age metropolis like Tucson?

Hoyt suggested high-rent sector would expand according to four factors: Moves from its point of origin near the CBD, along established routes of travel, toward another nucleus of high-rent buildings. Will progress toward high ground or along. waterfronts, when these areas are not used for industry. Will move along the route of fastest transportation. Will move toward open space.

As high-rent sectors develop, areas between them are filled in Middle-rent areas move directly next to them, drawing on their prestige. Low-rent areas fill remaining areas. Moving away from major routes of travel, rents go from high to low. There are distinct patterns in todays cities that echo Hoyts model. He had the advantage of writing later than Burgess in the age of the automobile.

Sector Model
Today, major transportation arteries are generally freeways

Surrounding areas are often low-rent districts Contrary to Hoyts theory Freeways were imposed on existing urban pattern Often built through low-rent areas where land was cheaper and political opposition was less.