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t
Mud
Gas
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 12 of 53
Ratio of surface volume of gas to
bottom-hole volume of gas:
This shows there are 465 volumes of gas at the
surface per volume of gas at the bottom of the hole
465
) R (710 psi)(1.35) 7 . 14 (
) R 0 psi)(1)(56 (11,700
law) (gas
T
T
Z
Z
P
P
V
V
B
S
B
S
S
B
B
S
= =
=
(PV = ZnRT)
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 13 of 53
Mud/gas Volume Ratio at the Surface:
279 . 4
465
1990
Volume Gas
Volume Mud
: surface At = =
990 , 1
Volume Gas
Volume Mud
: Bottom At =
465
Bottom at Gas
Surface at Gas
: Expansion =
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 14 of 53
Mud Density at the Surface:
So the mud weight has been cut 2.84 ppg
(from 15 to 12.16) ppg
ppg 16 . 12
1 279 . 4
ppg 0) * 1 ( ppg 15 * (4.279)
Volume
Density) ud surface)(M @ vol vol/gas (
=
+
+
=
=
Total
Mud
surf
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+
=
S
S B
S S
A A S
red.gas
P
P P
ln
T C)Z (100
T Z CP
P
Mud Density at the Surface:
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 16 of 53
R re, temperatu Surface - T
factor ility compressib Surface - Z
R re, temperatu Average - T
factor ility compressib Average - Z
psi pressure, Surface - P
surface at the fluid total of % Gas - C
well of bottom at pressure c Hydrostati - P
S
S
A
A
S
B
( )
|
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|
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+
=
S
S B
S S
A A S
red.gas
P
P P
ln
T C)Z (100
T Z CP
P
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 17 of 53
( )
18.94%
4.279 1
100% * 1
mud of vol. gas of Vol.
100% * gas of Vol.
C
psi 11,700 ft 15000 * ppg 15 * 0.052 P
B
=
+
=
+
=
= =
Hydrostatic Pressure and C
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 18 of 53
Average T and Z
175 . 1
2
35 . 1 1
Z
635
2
560 710
T
A
A
=
+
=
=
+
= R
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+
=
( )
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+
=
S
S B
S S
A A S
red.gas
P
P P
ln
T C)Z (100
T Z CP
P
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 20 of 53
The resulting bottom hole pressure
will be
p = 11,700 - 30.57
BHP = 11,669 psi
This means the gas reduced the hydrostatic
head by only 30.57 psi!
Reduction in BHP
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 21 of 53
Conclusion
It can be seen that the surface gas cut of
approx. 3 PPG resulted in a bottom hole
pressure reduction of only 30.57 psi.
There is one other factor that reduces the
effect of gas cut mud even further and that
is the effect of drilled solids in the mud.
Drilled solids will tend to raise the overall
density of the mud.
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 22 of 53
Drilled Cuttings Effect on Hydrostatic head:
factors conversion * fraction solid * ROP *
4
D
unit time per cut solids of Vol.
2
=
gpm 0.632 generation solids drilled of Rate
in 144
ft 1
*
ft
gal
7.481 * 0.75 *
min/hr 60
ft/hr 20
*
4
(7.875)
2
3
3
2
=
=
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 23 of 53
Drilled Cuttings Effect on Hydrostatic head:
ppg 15.015
gpm 294 gpm 632 . 0
ppg 15 * gpm 294 ppg 22.1 * gpm 632 . 0
volume total
mud of weight solids of weight
wt. mud Average
AVG
=
+
+
=
+
=
ABHP = 12 psi
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 24 of 53
Drilled Cuttings Effect on Hydrostatic head:
In this problem, the cuttings had very little
effect on the hydrostatic head. But if the
rate of penetration were higher, the
additional density added due to the drill
solids could become significant.
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 25 of 53
Summary of Gas-Cut Mud Problem
At bottom:
Gas expansion:
990 , 1
rate generation gas
rate n circulatio mud
=
465
bottom at volume
surface at volume
=
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 26 of 53
Summary of Gas-Cut Mud Problem
At surface:
i.e. At the surface, the mud mix contains one part
of gas (by volume) for each 4.279 parts of good
mud.
279 . 4
465
990 , 1
rate n circulatio gas
n circulatio mud
= =
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 27 of 53
Summary of Gas-Cut Mud Problem
Density of mix
1 279 . 4
) 0 * 1 ( ) 15 * 279 . 4 (
volume total
weight total
+
+
=
=
Density of Mud at surface = 12.16 #/gal
(-2.84 lb/gal)
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 28 of 53
Summary of Gas-Cut Mud Problem
psi 31
P
P P
ln
T Z ) C 100 (
T Z CP
p
S
S B
S S
A A S
~
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|
.
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+
= A
A reduction in the mud
density at the surface by 2.84
lb/gal resulted in a reduction
in BHP of:
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 29 of 53
Note:
It is very important in any drilling operation:
To recognize the symptoms of
increasing pore pressure
To be able to estimate the magnitude
of the pore pressure
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 30 of 53
Note contd:
To know the fracture gradients of the
exposed formations
To maintain the drilling practices within
controllable limits
To keep in mind that any one symptom of
increasing pore pressure may not be
sufficient to provide the basis for
precise conclusions
Look at all the indicators...
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 31 of 53
ROP F.L.Temp ACl
-
MUD
At
d Gas Units
SH
YP
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 32 of 53
What should be done when gas
cut mud is encountered?
(1) Establish if there is any fire hazard. If
there is a fire hazard, divert flow through
mud-gas separation facilities.
(a) Notify any welder in area
(b) Notify all rig personnel of the
pending danger
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 33 of 53
What should be done when gas
cut mud is encountered?
(2) Determine where the gas came from.
If the casing seat fracture gradient is being
approached, and there is some concern about
raising the mud weight:
Stop drilling and circulate, and observe the
gas response. If source is drilled gas, the gas
rate will decrease.
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 34 of 53
What should be done when gas
cut mud is encountered?
(a) If the gas units completely return to
the original background gas, it would
probably be safe to resume drilling.
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 35 of 53
What should be done when gas
cut mud is encountered?
(b) If there has been ample circulation
time and the gas units do not drop back
to the original background level, but stay
at a higher value, this indicates that the
mud weight is approaching the pore
pressure and consideration should be
given to increasing the mud weight.
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 36 of 53
What should be done when gas
cut mud is encountered?
Establish Where did the gas
come from?
(a) Drilled gas - no increase in mud
weight is required
(b) Increasing pore pressure
- (abnormal pore pressure)
- May have to increase mud weight
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 37 of 53
Drilling Techniques
I. Balanced Drilling
Balanced drilling by definition is when
the hydrostatic head is equal to the
pore pressure in the formation being
drilled
In the Gulf Coast area, if the
hydrostatic head is 0 - 0.4 ppg over the
actual pore pressure it is usually
considered to be balanced drilling.
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 38 of 53
Drilling Techniques - Balanced Drilling
Advantages to balanced drilling conditions
Optimizes the drilling rate
Lithology changes can be detected
immediately from the ROP curve
Transition zones can be detected
sooner
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 39 of 53
Drilling Techniques - Balanced Drilling
Disadvantages
There is no room for error
The wellbore must be continuously
monitored for the first sign of
formation pressure increase
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 40 of 53
Drilling Techniques - Balanced Drilling
Application of balanced drilling
Balanced drilling is generally used
for wildcat or exploratory drilling
It is often used in hard rock formation
drilling to optimize the rate of
penetration
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 41 of 53
Drilling Techniques
II. Overbalanced drilling
Overbalanced drilling by definition is
when the pressure exerted by the
hydrostatic head exceeds the formation
pore pressure
In the Gulf Coast region, if the mud
weight is 0.4 ppg or more above the
pore pressure, it is considered
overbalanced drilling
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 42 of 53
Drilling Techniques - Overbalanced
Advantages to drilling overbalanced
Reduces the chance of swabbing a
well in or taking a kick
Disadvantages
Overbalanced drilling reduces
the rate of penetration
substantially
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 43 of 53
Drilling Techniques - Overbalanced
Disadvantages to drilling overbalanced -
contd
Drilling too far overbalanced can
disguise lithology changes and
transition zones
Differential sticking can be caused by
the excessive pressure differential
between the hydrostatic and the
pore pressure
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 44 of 53
Drilling Technique - Overbalanced
Application of overbalanced drilling
This is most often used in areas of
development drilling. In such
areas, the pore pressures are
generally known and the mud weights
are maintained high enough to ensure
~ never taking a kick or swabbing a
well in. But, at the same time the mud
weights are maintained low enough so
as not to cause differential sticking
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 45 of 53
Drilling Techniques - Underbalanced
III. Underbalanced drilling
Underbalanced drilling by definition is
when the pressure exerted by the
hydrostatic head is less than the pore
pressure
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 46 of 53
Drilling Techniques - Underbalanced
Advantages of underbalanced drilling
Increased rate of penetration
Less formation damage due to
mud filtrate or whole mud loss
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 47 of 53
Drilling Techniques - Underbalanced
Disadvantages of underbalanced drilling
Possible kicks
Wells can be swabbed in more
readily
Wellbore formation cave-ins
(wellbore stability)
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 48 of 53
Drilling Techniques - Underbalanced
Application of underbalanced drilling
Underbalanced drilling is applied in
areas that are very hard to drill such as
some areas in West Texas. This is done
to increase the rate of penetration.
Note that this technique is used in areas
that have very tight and competent
formations. The tight formations reduce
the chance of taking a kick...
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 49 of 53
Drilling Techniques - Underbalanced
Application of underbalanced drilling
contd
The competent formations have
less tendency to slough or cave-in to
the wellbore due to the absence of a
sufficient hydrostatic head to hold it
back.
Horizontal wells in the Austin Chalk
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 50 of 53
Drilling Techniques - Controlled
IV. Controlled Drilling
Controlled drilling, by definition, is
when a constant rate of penetration is
maintained by fluctuating the weight on
bit
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 51 of 53
Drilling Techniques - Controlled
Advantages of controlled drilling
Control of gumbo problems
Reduce cuttings generation rate
Reduce drilled gas problems
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 52 of 53
Drilling Techniques - Controlled
Disadvantages of controlled drilling
This drilling technique disguises
lithology changes
Furthermore, and most important, it
disguises transition zones and
makes it almost impossible to
detect these from the penetration
rate curve.
23. Gas Cut Mud PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 53 of 53
Drilling Techniques - Controlled
Application of controlled drilling
This should only be used when
necessary and prudent, such as in
troublesome gumbo sections where the
pore pressures are well known
Note: This drilling technique should never be
used when drilling in wildcat areas or areas
where the pore pressures are not known.