Stainless Steel

High Ni & Cr Content Low (Controlled) Interstitials Austenitic Martensitic Precipitation Hardened Super Ferritic Nitrogen Strengthened Austenitic Ferritic Super Austenitic Duplex

Resistance Welding
Lesson Objectives When you finish this lesson you will understand: Learning Activities 1. View Slides; 2. Read Notes, 3. Listen to lecture 4. Do on-line workbook

Keywords

AOD Furnace

Argon & Oxygen Today, more than 1/2 of the high chromium steels are produced in the AOD Furnace

Linnert, Welding Metallurgy AWS, 1994

A=Martensitic Alloys B=Semi-Ferritic C=Ferritic

Castro & Cadenet, Welding Metallurgy of Stainless and Heat-resisting Steels Cambridge University Press, 1974

We will look at these properties in next slide!

AWS Welding Handbook

General Properties of Stainless Steels

Electrical Resistivity
Surface & bulk resistance is higher than that for plaincarbon steels

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Greater coefficient than plaincarbon steels

Thermal Conductivity
About 40 to 50 percent that of plain-carbon steel

High Strength
Exhibit high strength at room and elevated temperatures

Melting Temperature
Plain-carbon:1480-1540 C Martensitic: 1400-1530 C Ferritic: 1400-1530 C Austenitic: 1370-1450 C

Surface Preparation
Surface films must be removed prior to welding

Spot Spacing
Less shunting is observed than plain-carbon steels

Static Resistance Comparison

Electrode Plain-carbon Steel Stainless Steel Higher Bulk Resistance Alloy Effect Workpieces Higher Surface Resistance Chromium Oxide Class 3 Electrode Higher Resistance Resistance

Electrode

Higher Resistances = Lower Currents Required

General Properties of Stainless Steels

Electrical Resistivity
Surface & bulk resistance is higher than that for plaincarbon steels

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Greater coefficient than plaincarbon steels

Thermal Conductivity
About 40 to 50 percent that of plain-carbon steel

High Strength
Exhibit high strength at room and elevated temperatures

Melting Temperature
Plain-carbon:1480-1540 C Martensitic: 1400-1530 C Ferritic: 1400-1530 C Austenitic: 1370-1450 C

Surface Preparation
Surface films must be removed prior to welding

Spot Spacing
Less shunting is observed than plain-carbon steels

Conduction in Plain Carbon Conduction in SS

Base Metal Weld Nugget Base Metal

Only 40 - 50% Heat conduction in SS Less Heat Conducted Away Therefore Lower Current Required Less Time Required (in some cases less than 1/3)

General Properties of Stainless Steels

Electrical Resistivity
Surface & bulk resistance is higher than that for plaincarbon steels

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Greater coefficient than plaincarbon steels

Thermal Conductivity
About 40 to 50 percent that of plain-carbon steel

High Strength
Exhibit high strength at room and elevated temperatures

Melting Temperature
Plain-carbon:1480-1540 C Martensitic: 1400-1530 C Ferritic: 1400-1530 C Austenitic: 1370-1450 C

Surface Preparation
Surface films must be removed prior to welding

Spot Spacing
Less shunting is observed than plain-carbon steels

Melting Temp of Plain Carbon

Base Metal Weld Nugget Base Metal

Melting Temp of SS

Melting Temp of SS is lower Nugget Penetrates More Therefore Less Current and Shorter Time Required

General Properties of Stainless Steels

Electrical Resistivity
Surface & bulk resistance is higher than that for plaincarbon steels

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Greater coefficient than plaincarbon steels

Thermal Conductivity
About 40 to 50 percent that of plain-carbon steel

High Strength
Exhibit high strength at room and elevated temperatures

Melting Temperature
Plain-carbon:1480-1540 C Martensitic: 1400-1530 C Ferritic: 1400-1530 C Austenitic: 1370-1450 C

Surface Preparation
Surface films must be removed prior to welding

Spot Spacing
Less shunting is observed than plain-carbon steels

Ferritic, Martensitic, Ppt. = 6 - 11% greater expansion Austenitic = 15% greater expansion than Plain Carbon Steel Therefore Warpage occurs especially in Seam Welding Dong et al, Finite Element Modeling of Electrode Wear Mechanisms, Hot Cracking can Occur Auto Steel Partnership, April 10, 1995

General Properties of Stainless Steels

Electrical Resistivity
Surface & bulk resistance is higher than that for plaincarbon steels

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Greater coefficient than plaincarbon steels

Thermal Conductivity
About 40 to 50 percent that of plain-carbon steel

High Strength
Exhibit high strength at room and elevated temperatures

Melting Temperature
Plain-carbon:1480-1540 C Martensitic: 1400-1530 C Ferritic: 1400-1530 C Austenitic: 1370-1450 C

Surface Preparation
Surface films must be removed prior to welding

Spot Spacing
Less shunting is observed than plain-carbon steels

Force

High Strength High Hot Strength

Need Higher Electrode Forces Need Stronger Electrodes (Class 3, 10 & 14 Sometimes Used)

General Properties of Stainless Steels

Electrical Resistivity
Surface & bulk resistance is higher than that for plaincarbon steels

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Greater coefficient than plaincarbon steels

Thermal Conductivity
About 40 to 50 percent that of plain-carbon steel

High Strength
Exhibit high strength at room and elevated temperatures

Melting Temperature
Plain-carbon:1480-1540 C Martensitic: 1400-1530 C Ferritic: 1400-1530 C Austenitic: 1370-1450 C

Surface Preparation
Surface films must be removed prior to welding

Spot Spacing
Less shunting is observed than plain-carbon steels

Oxide from Hot Rolling

Oxide Protective Film

Chromium Oxide from Hot Rolling must be removed by Pickle Ordinary Oxide Protective Film is not a Problem

General Properties of Stainless Steels

Electrical Resistivity
Surface & bulk resistance is higher than that for plaincarbon steels

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Greater coefficient than plaincarbon steels

Thermal Conductivity
About 40 to 50 percent that of plain-carbon steel

High Strength
Exhibit high strength at room and elevated temperatures

Melting Temperature
Plain-carbon:1480-1540 C Martensitic: 1400-1530 C Ferritic: 1400-1530 C Austenitic: 1370-1450 C

Surface Preparation
Surface films must be removed prior to welding

Spot Spacing
Less shunting is observed than plain-carbon steels

Look at Each Grade & Its Weldability Austenitic Super Austenitic Nitrogen Strengthened Austenitic Martensitic Ferritic Super Ferritic Precipitation Hardened Duplex

Austenitic
Contain between 16 and 25 percent chromium, plus sufficient amount of nickel, manganese and/or nitrogen Have a face-centered-cubic (fcc) structure Nonmagnetic Good toughness Spot weldable Strengthening can be accomplished by cold work or by solid-solution strengthening
Applications: Fire Extinguishers, pots & pans, etc.

AWS Welding Handbook

AWS Welding Handbook

Pseudobinary Phase Diagram @ 70% Iron

AWS Welding Handbook