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Overlapping terms:
Prejudice Stereotyping Discrimination Racism Sexism Segregation
definitions
Prejudice = preconceived judgment of a group and its individual members - Some prejudices can be positive - Most prejudices are negative Allport: an antipathy based upon a faulty and inflexible generalization
Stereotype
It is a belief and a generalization Not always negative Some may be true!
Todays Polite Racism: typical racist remarks are cloaked as compliments from people in power, often expressing surprise that minorities are talented, smart, attractive, and even "clean."
Gender prejudice
Undisputable conclusions: 1) Strong gender stereotypes exist 2) Members of the stereotyped groups accept these stereotypes (we learned to live with it) 3) Gender stereotyping is stronger than racial stereotyping 4) Gender stereotypes tend to exaggerate differences 5) Gender stereotypes have persisted across time and culture
Gender stereotypes are ambivalent: - favorable /benevolent - unfavorable/ hostile Benevolent sexism: Women have a superior moral sensibility (Eagly: the women-are-wonderful effect) Hostile sexism: Women are all bad drivers This ambivalence serves to justify the status quo in gender relations (balance)
FACE-ISM
A contemporary example of subtle gender-bias (unnoticed sexism) Face-ism or facial prominence is the relative prominence of the face in the portrayal of men and women Research showed that media tend to feature more on mens face and womens body
Ambiguity of prejudices
We see others as: Either likable Or competent But NOT BOTH! Examples: Germans love Italians but dont admire them Italians admire Germans but dont love them Americans respect Jews but dont like them Men admire assertive women but dont like them
In general, people of lesser status and power are liked (we sympathize with them) but not respected (seen as incompetent)
we like people with disabilities but we will not hire them
Sources of prejudice
1.Social 2. Motivational
Motivational sources: The Scapegoat theory The Realistic Group Conflict theory The Social Identity theory
2) Family Disciplinary Styles: children's racial attitudes reflect their parents prejudices Adorno (1950): children brought up in authoritarian families are highly likely to develop prejudices the authoritarian personality: submissive to those in power and aggressive/punitive toward those beneath them authoritarian personality is a common characteristic of ethnocentric people (= those who believe their ethnic group is superior)
About authoritarianism
Authoritarian tendencies surge during threatening times of economic recession and social upheaval: in Russia today, authoritarian voices are calling for a return of Marxist-Leninist ideology, and are opposing democratic reform Authoritarian people can embrace different forms of prejudice (toward Blacks, gays, Muslims, immigrants)
3) conformity: we conform because we need to be liked and acceptedwe are forced sometimes to adopt the groups views Conformity maintains the gender prejudice (the nursery and the kitchen are the natural sphere of a woman)
2) The Realistic Group Conflict Theory: Competition can fuel prejudice When 2 groups are competing toward the same goal, when one group wins, the 2nd will develop hostility toward it Example: Low-income Americans feel prejudice toward immigrants taking their jobs When interests clash, prejudice will result
3) Social Identity Theory: We cheer for our group, we kill for our group, we die for our group Our group is our social identity: Based on: Categorization: we find it useful to put people into categories (hes a Scot,) Identification: we gain self-esteem by associating with a group (called the ingroup) Comparison: we are positively biased toward our ingroup in contrast to other groups (the outgroups). It is US versus THEM this is the ingroup bias the stronger my social identity, the more prejudice I will feel toward a threatening outgroup