FORM 4 Chemistry Lesson 23

Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry Chapter 2 The Structure of Atom Chapter 3 Chemical Formulae and Equations Chapter 4 Periodic Table and Elements Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chemical Bonds Electrochemistry

Chapter 7 Acids and Bases Chapter 8 Salts Chapter 9 Manufacture Substances in Industry

WHAT IS IT ALL ABOUT?

Electrolytes Electrolysis what, how? - applications Voltaic cells types Electrochemical series

Electrons movement, voltage, metal displacement

ELECTROLYTES VS NON-ELECTROLYTES
Electrolytes Non-electrolytes conduct electricity in cannot conduct electricity molten state or in aqueous in any states solution chemical changes occur
Electrolyte vs Conductor?? Conductors conduct electricity as well BUT are not chemically changed NOT electrolytes An electrolyte is NOT NECESSARILY a conductor

EXAMPLES OFsalt in their molten state or in solutions ELECTROLYTES Acids, alkalis &

Ionic compounds conduct electricity ONLY in their molten states or in solution

Solid state held in lattice

Molten state free to move

Covalent compounds (HCl, NH3) ONLY conduct electricity in water

In organic solvent in molecules

In water molecules break up into free ions

ELECTROLYSIS

Decomposition

of compounds into their constituent elements in presence of an electric current through an electrolyte Discovered by Michael Faraday in 1834 An electrolytic cell consists:
1. Battery drive chemical reactions 2. & 3. Electrodes one acts as positive terminal & the other acts as negative terminal 4. Electrolyte in molten state or in solution to allow free ions movement

HOW DOES AN ELECTROLYTIC CELL WORK?

Electric current drive the electron movement from anode to cathode anode positively charged terminal cathode negatively charged terminal

ee-

e-

Movement of ions: cations to cathode anions to anode What happen next?

e- -

+ e- e+ -+ eee- + - e-+

Cations being discharged to atoms/molecules by accepting electrons from cathode anions being discharged to atoms/molecules by donating electrons to anode electrons continue to flow from anode to cathode via external circuit

ELECTRODES..
Plays

important roles in electrolytic cells 2 types:

Active electrode
Participate in chemical reactions during electrolysis E.g.: copper, silver, mercury

Inert electrode
DOES NOT participate in chemical reactions during electrolysis E.g.: carbon (graphite), platinum

ELECTROLYSIS IN MOLTEN COMPOUNDS

Carbon electrode

Carbon electrode

Molten Lead (II) bromide

Free ions available: Pb2+ (l) and Br- (l) Half equations at anode: 2Br- (l) Br2 (g) + 2ecathode overall equation : Pb2+ (l) + 2e- Pb (s)__________ : Pb2+ (l) + 2Br- (l) Pb (s) + Br2 (g)

ELECTROLYSIS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

An aqueous solution solution of a compound that dissolved in water Aqueous solution that becomes an electrolyte also causes partial dissociation of water molecules H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) So electrolysis of an aqueous solution involve movements of FOUR ions: 2 from compound constituents; 2 from water molecule

ELECTROLYSIS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Free ions available: Cu2+ (aq) and SO42- (aq) ; H+ (aq) and OH- (aq) Half equations at anode: 4OH- (aq) O2 (g) + H2O (l) + 4ecathode : 2Cu2+ (aq) + 4e- 2Cu (s)__________ : 2Cu2+ (aq) + 4OH- (aq) 2Cu (s) + O2 (g) + H2O (l)

overall equation

DO YOU NOTICE THAT?

only ONE type of ions are selected to be discharged Why?

Positions of ions in electrochemical series Concentration of ions in electrolyte Types of electrodes used in electrolysis

Active vs inert electrode

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES
List
Cations K+ Na+ Mg2+

of ions arranged in ascending order of their tendency to discharge

Anions FSO42NO3ClBrEasier to discharge

Al3+
Fe2+

Sn2+
Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Ag+

IOH-

CONCENTRATION OF IONS IN A SOLUTION

An ion is discharged in preference when the concentration of that ion is high in electrolyte

Pb2+ (aq) is discharged in a concentrated lead(II) nitrate solution although H+ (aq) has lower position in electrochemical series Cl- (aq) is discharged in a concentrated sodium chloride solution although OH- (aq) has lower position in electrochemical series

HOWEVER, the selectivity is still biased to electrochemical series, ESPECIALLY when the positions of ions involved are far apart

OH- (aq) is discharged in a concentrated lead(II) nitrate solution instead of NO3- (aq) H+ (aq) is discharged in a concentrated sodium chloride solution instead of Na+ (aq)

ELECTRODE USED IN ELECTROLYSIS

Case

One: electrolysis of copper (II) sulphate solution with copper electrodes

Anode:

OH- (aq) & SO42- (aq): Copper electrode dissolves to form Cu2+ (aq); no anions were discharged Cu2+ (aq) & H+ (aq) : Cu2+ (aq) was discharged to form Cu (s)

Cathode:

Observations:
Anode electrode becomes thinner while cathode electrode becomes thicker Concentration of electrolyte is unchanged

ELECTRODE USED IN ELECTROLYSIS

Case

Two: electrolysis of saturated sodium chloride solution with graphite anode & mercury cathode

Anode:

OH- (aq) & Cl- (aq): Cl- (aq) was discharged to form chlorine gas due to concentration factor
Na+ (aq) & H+ (aq) : Na+ (aq) was discharged to form Na (s) then formed Na/Hg (l) amalgam Pungent greenish-yellow gas was formed on anode while shiny liquid was formed on cathode

Cathode:

Observation:

ELECTROLYSIS IN INDUSTRY
Extraction of metals Purification of metals Electroplating of metals

EXTRACTION OF METALS
Extraction of metals from their ores 2 examples:

Extraction of aluminium from molten aluminium oxide Extraction of sodium from molten sodium oxide

EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM

Molten aluminium oxide with cryolite, Na3AlF6 Molten aluminium

Cryolite is added to lower melting point of aluminium oxide (2405 900oC) Cathode : Al3+ (l) + 3e- Al (l) Anode : 2O2- (l) O2 (g) + 4eOverall : 2 Al2O3 (l) 4Al (l) + 3O2 (g)

Also, liberated oxygen gas react with carbon electrode (anode) to form carbon dioxide C (s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g)

EXTRACTION OF SODIUM

+ CaCl2

cathode: steel Na+ (l) +e- Na (l) anode: graphite 2Cl- (l) Cl2 (g) + 2eOverall: 2NaCl (l) 2Na (l)+ Cl2 (g)

CaCl2 is added to lower melting point of NaCl (900600oC)

PURIFICATION OF METALS

To purify the extracted metals from minor impurities Impure metal: anode Pure metal : cathode Electrolyte : aqueous salt solution of metal

Anode

: Cu (s) Cu2+ (aq) + 2e-

Cathode : Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu (s) Observations:

impure copper becomes thinner

pure copper becomes thicker impurities fall to the bottom of beaker

ELECTROPLATING OF METALS

A process of coating a layer of metal on another substance using electrolysis Objects are electroplated for protection from corrosion In electrolysis:

Cathode : object that is being coated Anode : plating material Electrolyte: ions of plating material Object to be plated must be clean & free of grease Concentration of electrolyte must be low Small electric current Object must be turned steadily

Other considering factors for good quality plating:

EXAMPLE OF ELETROPLATING
PROCESS

anode

cathode

Anode

: Ag (s) Ag+ (aq) + e-

Cathode : Ag+ (aq) + e- Ag (s)

Observations: Silver electrode becomes thinner the spoon is coated with a silver layer

PROS & CONS OF ELECTROLYSIS IN INDUSTRIES

Advantages Pure metals can be obtained from ores Purification of metals can be done Disadvantages May cause pollution Expensive process requires energy input

Coating of object is easily done