Mechanical Engineering Department

Thermo-fluids (MEC 2920)

THERMOFLUID
MEC 2920
Mechanical Engineering Department
Thermo-fluids (MEC 2920)
Superheated Vapor
T and P are NOT dependent.
A superheated vapor state is described by any TWO independent
intensive properties: (P, T), (P, v), (T, v), (T, h), (P, h), (h, v), etc.
Characteristics:
Property Tables
) and for (same or given a at
given a at
given a at
h u T P v v
P T T
T P P
g
sat
sat
>
>
<
T
v
v
g

critical
point
T
cr

Superheated
vapor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Thermo-fluids (MEC 2920)
Compressed Liquid
Tables are not commonly available.
Properties are relatively independent of pressure.
No tables ?! Assume as saturated liquid at the given temperature.

At high pressures, enthalpy is approximated as

Characteristics:
Property Tables
T f
y y
@
=
) (
@ @ @ T sat T f T f
P P v h h + =
) and for (same or given a at
given a at
given a at
h u T P v v
P T T
T P P
f
sat
sat
<
<
>
T
v
v ~ v
f @T

Mechanical Engineering Department
Thermo-fluids (MEC 2920)
Property Tables
Reference State
Values of u, h, and s cannot be measured directly.
Thermodynamic relations only predict changes in them.
A reference state should be chosen.
Examples:
Water: saturated liquid at 0.01 C.
Refrigerant-134a: saturated liquid at 40 C.

Mechanical Engineering Department
Thermo-fluids (MEC 2920)
The Ideal-Gas Equation of State
Property Tables:
Very accurate, however
Bulky, and vulnerable to typographical errors.
Property Relations:
Sufficiently general and accurate.
Equation of State:
Relation among a set of properties of a substance at equilibrium states.
Several equations: from simple to very complex.
The Ideal-gas Equation of State:
Simplest and best-known.
Predicts P-v-T behavior of a gas quite accurately within selected region.
Boyle [1662], Charles and Gay-Lussac [1802]
RT Pv =
or ,
|
.
|

\
|
=
v
T
R P
Mechanical Engineering Department
Thermo-fluids (MEC 2920)
The Ideal-Gas Equation of State
Gas Constant, R, and Universal Gas Constant, R
u



Molar mass (Molecular weight), M
Mass of one mole of a substance in grams, or one kmole in kilograms.
molar mass of nitrogen is 28 = the mass of 1kmole of nitrogen is 28 kg.
Mole number, N


Molar specific volume, v


) kJ/kg.K (
M
R
R
u
=
kJ/kmol.K .314 8 =
u
R
M
m
N =
) /kmole m ( /
3
N V v =
Mechanical Engineering Department
Thermo-fluids (MEC 2920)
The Ideal-Gas Equation of State
Other Forms of the Ideal-Gas Relation



Comments:
Ideal gas is an imaginary substance that obeys the ideal-gas relation.
The ideal-gas relation closely approximates the behavior of real gases at
low densities.
Examples: air, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, helium, argon, neon,
krypton, carbon dioxide.
Dense gases such as water vapor in a steam power plant and refrigerant
vapor in a refrigerator do NOT obey the ideal-gas relation. Therefore,
tables should be used!
T R v P
T NR PV
mRT PV
u
u
=
=
=
) / ( N V v =
Mechanical Engineering Department
Thermo-fluids (MEC 2920)
Other Equations of State
Why?
The ideal-gas relation is very simple, but its range of application is very
limited.
Other relations (more complicated) are required to cover a larger region.
Examples:
van der Waals (one of the earliest),
Beattie-Bridgeman (one of the best known, reasonably accurate),
Benedict-Webb-Rubin (one of the more recent, very accurate).
van der Waals Equation of State [1873]



a and b are determined from the properties at the critical point.
Inadequate accuracy!
Accuracy may be improved by using values of a and b over wider range.
Historical importance.
( ) RT b v
v
a
P =
|
.
|

\
|
+
2
Mechanical Engineering Department
Thermo-fluids (MEC 2920)
Other Equations of State
Beattie-Bridgeman Equation of State [1928]





Reasonable accuracy for densities up to 0.8
cr
.

Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State [1940]



Adequate accuracy for densities up to 2.5
cr
.
( )
2 3 2
1
v
A
B v
T v
c
v
T R
P
u
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
v
b
B B
v
a
A A 1 1
0 0
and
2
2 2 3 6 3 2 2
0
0 0
1
1
v
u
u
u
e
v T v
c
v
a
v
a T bR
v T
C
A T R B
v
T R
P
/
|
.
|

\
|

+ +
o
+

+
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Mechanical Engineering Department
Thermo-fluids (MEC 2920)
Specific Heats
Specific Heat:
Energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one
degree.
It depends on how the process is executed.
In thermodynamics, we are interested in:
specific heat at constant volume C
v
and
specific heat at constant pressure C
p
.
m = 1 kg
AT = 1 C
Specific heat = 5 kJ/kg.C
5 kJ
V = constant
m = 1 kg
AT = 1 C

C
v
= 3.12
3.12 kJ
C kg.
kJ

P = constant
m = 1 kg
AT = 1 C

C
p
= 5.2
C kg.
kJ

5.2 kJ
p v
C C <
v
v
T
u
C
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
p
p
T
h
C
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=