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Ferguson, 1896
Separate, but equal Supreme
Court decision
Blacks had to use separate
bathrooms, schools, railroad cars, etc Allowed services to be separate as long as they were equal
declared that the laws that kept blacks from voting in Democratic primaries violated the 14th Amendment
appointed Earl Warren (former governor of California) as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
ordered that public schools could not be separated by race Created integration of blacks and whites in public schools
integration of schools was to go forward with all deliberate speed March 1956- Southern Congressmen created the Southern Manifesto
Attacked the Supreme Court decision
Faubus called the National Guard to surround Central High, declaring "blood would run in the streets" if blacks students attempted to enter Federal judge ordered the National Guard to be removed White mob stopped the black students from entering the school this time
American students were selected to attend the all white Central High School in 1957 but by opening day the number had dwindled to nine
paratroopers (101st Airborne) and opened the schools 1958- Governor Faubus closed the schools for the entire year to prevent integration
Rosa Parks
1955 - Rosa Parks was
arrested for not giving up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery, AL
Montgomery, AL
The desired effect was achieved as the bus company
almost bankrupted
against segregation
suits on behalf of blacks who were denied the right to vote Significant in that both Republicans and Democrats helped to pass it (headed by Senate leader Lyndon B. Johnson)
and Democrats supported desegregation within their platforms for the presidential election
desegregate public housing projects supported by federal money JFK created a Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity
Oversight committee for employers who worked
Affairs
Rejected by Congress
But
Meredith attempted to enroll at the University of Mississippi but was blocked by Governor Ross Barnett
Meredith was finally
allowed to enroll which resulted in riots JFK sent in federal troops to quiet the riots
abuses by conducting sit-ins which resulted in desegregation of lunch counters, hotels, and theaters in 300 cities throughout the South
Governor George Wallace prevented two African-Americans from attending the University of Alabama
Stated that Alabama
would promise segregation today, tomorrow, and forever Eventually, Wallace allowed the students to attend because of pressure from JFK
Evers (head of the Mississippi NAACP) was murdered outside his home
present huge civil rights progress Bayard Rustin organized a march on Washington, D.C. to persuade Congress to pass the new civil rights bill
200,000 freedom marchers gathered in front of
MLK, Jr. delivered his I Have a Dream speech Mahalia Jackson led the crowd in singing We
Shall Overcome
Anthem of the civil right movement