Protection & Restoration of Optical Networks

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CSE 8344

Terminology
Protection
Uses pre-assigned capacity to ensure survivability

Restoration
Reroutes the affected traffic after failure occurrence by using available capacity

Survivability
Property of a network to be resilient to failures

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Classification of Schemes

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Reactive / Proactive
Reactive
When an existing lightpath fails, a search is initiated to find a new lightpath which does not use the failed components. (After the failure happens) It cannot guarantee successful recovery, Longer restoration time

Proactive
Backup lightpaths are identified and resources are reserved along the backup lightpaths at the time of establishing the primary lightpath itself.

100% restoration guarantee Faster recovery

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Link Based vs. Path Based

Link-based

Shorter restoration time Less efficient. Can only fix link failures

Path-based

longer restoration time More efficient.

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Dedicated vs. Multiplexed Backup

Dedicated backup
More robust Less efficient.

Backup multiplexing
Less robust More efficient.

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Primary Backup MUX

Wavelength channel to be shared by a primary and one or more backup paths

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Resilience in Optical Networks

Linear Systems
1+1 protection 1:1 protection 1:N protection

Ring-based

Mesh-based

UPSR: Uni-directional Path Switched Rings BLSR: Bi-directional Line Switched Rings Optical mesh networks connected by optical crossconnects (OXCs) or optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs) Link-based/path-based protection/restoration Physical: mesh Logical: ring

Hybrid Mesh Rings

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Unidirectional WDM Path Protected Rings

1+1 wavelength path selection Signal bridged on both protection and working fiber. Receiver chooses the better signal. Failure:
Destination switches to the operational link. Revertive /Non revertive switching No signaling required.
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Bidirectional Line switched Ring

Shares protection capacity among all the spans on the ring Link failure
Working traffic from 1 fiber looped back onto opposite direction. Signaling protocol required

Node failure
Line switching performed at both sides of the failed node.
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2-Fiber WDM Ring

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BLSR - 4 Fiber
Fibers
2 working 2 protection

Protection fiber: no traffic unless failure. Link Failure.

APS channel required to coordinate the switching at both ends of a failure.

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4-Fiber WDM Ring.

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4-Fiber WDM Ring After a Link Failure

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4-Fiber WDM Ring After a Node Failure

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Path Layer Mesh Protection

Protect Mesh as a single unit
Pre-computed routes
1+1 path protection Protection route per light path Protection route per failure.

On the fly route computation.

Decompose into protection domains.

Pure rings P cycles

Centralized route computation and coordination Route computation and coordination at end nodes. Distributed route computation at path ends.

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Mesh Topologies
Fibers organized in protection cycles.
4 fibers of each link is terminated by 4 2X2 protection switches Before link failure, switches in normal position. After failure, switches moved to protection state and traffic looped back into the protection cycles.
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Computed offline

2X2 Switch

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Protection Cycles (contd)

Criterion for protection cycles.
Recovery from a single link failure in any optical network with arbitrary topology and bi-directional fiber links
All protection fibers are used exactly once. In any directed cycle both protection fibers in a pair are not used unless they are in a bridge

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Protection Cycles

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Protection Cycles (contd)

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Network With Default Protection Switching

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Network After a Link Failure

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P cycles
Ring like restoration needed for some client signals. Mesh topologies: bandwidth efficient. P cycles:Ring like speeds, Mesh like capacity. Addresses the speed limitation of mesh restoration.
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P cycles (contd)
Cycle oriented pre configuration of spare capacity. Can offer up to 2 restoration paths for a failure scenario. Span Failure Time needed for calculating and connecting restoration path is needed in non-real time.
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On cycle: similar to BLSR Off the cycle: 2 paths.

P - cycles

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WDM Recovery
Fiber based restoration
Entire traffic carried by a fiber is backed by another fiber. Bi-directional connection - 4 fibers. Protection for each wavelength. Bi-directional connection - 2 fibers Allows flexibility in planning the configuration of the network. Recovery procedure similar to BLSR.
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WDM based recovery

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Resilience in Multilayer Networks

Why resilience in multilayer networks?
Avoid contention between different single-layer recovery schemes. Promote cooperation and sharing of spare capacity

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PANEL: Protection Across Network Layers

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PANEL Guidelines
Recovery in the highest layer is recommended when:
Multiple reliability grades need to be provided with fine granularity Recovery inter-working cannot be implemented Survivability schemes in the highest layer are more mature than in the lowest layer

Recovery in the lowest layer is recommended when:

The number of entities to recover has to be limited/reduced The lowest layer supports multiple client layers and it is appropriate to provide survivability to all services in a homogeneous way Survivability schemes in the lowest layer are more mature than in the highest layer It is difficult to ensure the physical diversity of working and backup paths in the higher layer

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