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The Ear
The Ear
Divides into 3 parts: External Ear Middle Ear (Tympanic cavity) ossicles Inner Ear (Labyrinth) hearing & balance * The middle and the inner ear are located within the petrous part of the temporal bone inside the skull
External Ear
Auricle & EAM -Auricle (pinna): made of elastic cartilage covered by the skin except for the lobule which contain a pad of fat covered by skin fnx :collects sound waves divided into: lobule helix & anti helix tragus & antitragus scapha concha triangular fossa
Out 1/3: cartilage Inner 2/3: bone \ pertrous part of temporal Fxn.: Conducts sound waves Lined with skin: sebaceous & ceruminous glands Cerumen (earwax)
Tympanic Membrane
Thin, oval, semitransparent memb. Of ~ 1 cm in diameter.
- Separates the external ear from middle ear -Lined by: skin from outside and mucus membrane from inside Concave outside & convex inside (because its being tense by the tensor tympany m. \ important in giving the vibrations to produce sounds ) Nerve Supply by the trigemenal nerve : auriculotemporal +glossopharyngeal
Divided into: 4 areas
1. Pars Flaccida: upper third area \ red in colour superiorly avoided during surgery because it is rich in blood supply 2. Pars tensa: remaining 3. Umbo: central depression (peak of concavity) 4. Cone of light radiates ant. Inf . From umbo
It is not real , it is a reflection of light and if we see it anterior inferior to the umbo this is an indication of a healthy tympanic membrane
When we examine a patient with the otoscope we replace it as fallows to get a better view : - Adult : we have to put the auricle posterior superior - in infants : we put it just post * An indication about a healthy tympanic membrane is to see the cone of light radiation anterior inferior from the umbo
* So your mark is the roof of the tympanic membrane : everything behind the tympanic membrane is the main part of the tympanic cavity , the remaining space above the tympanic membrane is the epitympanic recess .
Medial wall (labyrinthine): Separates the middle ear from the inner ear Contains: the Promontory bony convexity formed by the base of the cochlea is resting there tympanic plexus over the promontory formed by the glossofaringeal (tympanic nerve )
Stapedius m .: fnx in stabilizing the stapes preventing excessive movement of the stapes reducing the oscillatory range . It is the smallest skeletal m. in our body stabilizing the smallest bone The medial wall of the inner ear also called the labyrinthine because it opens to the labyrinthine in the inner ear
Promontory : a large bluge area on the medial wall it is a bony convexity formed by the base of the cochlea that resting there
The glossopharengeal nerve will give a branch to the middle ear and over the promontory it starts to divide forming a tympanic plexus formed by the tympanic nerve from the glossopharyngeal responsible for the sensation within the middle ear
Lateral wall (membranous): Formed by the inner part of tympanic membrane Separates the middle ear from the external ear
Roof (Tegmental wall): Separates the middle ear from the floor of the middle cranial fossa Formed by thin plate of bone( petrus part of temporal bone ) called tegmen tympani Floor (Jugular wall): Thin bony plate that Separates the middle ear from the IJV
Auditory Ossicles
Malleus (L, hammer): this bone is handle between the tympanic mem. Outside And the tensor tympani inside head: in epitympanic recess articulates with th incus Neck
Tensor tympani has a tendon because it is attached between soft tissue ( tympanic membrane ) and hard tissue ( handle of the malleus ) Action : when it contract it tense the handle of the malleus inside so it tense the tympanic membrane
Incus (L, anvil): Body epitympanic recess articulates the head of the malleus Long limb articulates with the stapes m Short limb Attached to the posterior Wall to fix it in its place
Stapes\ oval in shape (L, stirrup ) Base (foot plate) attached to oval window Ant. & Post. limbs Neck attached to Stapedius m Head articulates with incus
Stapedius Muscle
Origin : pyramidal eminence on the mastoid wall ( posterior wall of the tympanic cavity ) Insertion : Stapes neck Innervation :nerve to stapedius from facial nerve
The smallest skeletal muscle in the human body, Stabilizes the smallest bone in the body
Otitis Media
Infection of middle ear
Signs & Symptoms (what is the difference?): earache, impaired hearing bulging red T.M. due to pus in mid. Ear Complications:
blockage of pharyngotympanic tube perforation of T.M. Mastoiditis? Can go posteriorly to mastoid air cells Osteomyelitis (bone infection) of tegmen tympani spread sup. To middle cranial fossa \ lead to meningitis
Bony Labyrinth
3 parts Vestibule: small oval chamber balance Semicircular canals: sup. (ant.) post. (inf.) Lat. 3 different planes Communicate with semicircular ducts Cochlea: shell-shaped, Fxn. In hearing
Membranous Labyrinth
Utricle & Saccule: sacs within vestibule