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BSNL

Company Profile

Worlds 7th largest Telecommunications Company. Presently it is one of the largest and leading public sector unit in India. The infrastructure asset on telephone alone is Click to edit Master subtitle style worth about Rs.630,000 million

Data Communication :
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Fundamental Characteristics:

Delivery :The system must deliver data to the correct destination. Accuracy :The system must deliver data accurately. Timeliness :The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Message :The message is the information (data) to be communicated. Sender :The sender is the device that sends the data message. Receiver :The receiver is the device that receives the message. Medium :physical path by which a message travels from sender to receiver.

Types of Transmission mode

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Simplex-one-way communication. Half Duplex-Transmit and receive but not simultaneously. Full-duplex-It is both way communication.

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Fundamental limits :

Attenuation :The amplitude of a signal always decreases with distance due to resistive and other losses. Signals :Information must be transformed into electromagnetic signals.

Analog Digital :

Analog refers to something that is continuous & Digital refers to something that is discrete.

Optical fibre cable :

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Principle Of Operation:

The Reflection that occurs when a LightRayTravelling in one Material Hits a DifferentMaterial and Reflects Back into the Original Material without any Loss of Light.

Fiber types:

Step-Index Multimode Fiber Graded-Index Multimode Fiber Single Mode Fiber

Optical Fiber Parameter :

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Wavelength:In the visible spectrum, wavelength can be described as the colour of the light. Frequency:It is number of pulse per second emitted from a light source. Window:A narrow window is defined as the range of wavelengths at which a fibre best operates. Attenuation:Attenuation is defined as the loss of optical power over a set distance. Bandwidth:It is defined as the amount of information that a system can carry such that each pulse of light is distinguishable by the receiver. Numerical Aperture :Numerical aperture (NA) is the light - gathering ability of a fibre. Dispertion:Dispersion is the spreading of light pulse as its travels down the length of an optical fibre

DWDM System Concepts:

Transmitter(transmit transponder) :

Changes electrical bits to optical pulses Is frequency specific

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Multiplexer/Demultiplexer :

Combines/separates discrete wavelengths

Amplifier :

Pre-amplifier boosts signal pulses at the receive side Post-amplifier boosts signal pulses at the transmit side

Optical Fiber(media) :

Transmission media to carry optical pulses Many different kinds of fiber are used

Receiver(receive transponder) :

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Benefits of DWDM :

Increases bandwidth Does not require replacement Provides next generation technologies to meet growing data needs Less costly in the long run dont have to upgrade all the time

Optical Ne Types :

Optical Multiplexer/Demultiplexer :

Multiplexing and Demultiplexing of different wavelength signals.

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Optical Ampliers :

Pure optical 1R regeneration (just amplification) of all transmitted signals.

Transponders :

Wavelength change and 2R regeneration or 3 R regeneration.

Regenerators :

reshaping and retiming.

Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer :

Adding and Dropping only specific wavelengths from the joint optical signal.

Optical Cross Connects :

Syncronous Digital Hierarchy

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Merits Of SDH :

Simplified multiplexing/demultiplexing techniques. Direct access to lower speed tributaries Easy growth to higher bit rates in step with evolution of transmission technology. Capable of operating in a multi-vendor and multioperator environment.

Advantages Of SDH :

Multi-vendor environment (mid span meet) Synchronous networking Positioning the network for transport on new services

SDH Evolution :

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Fibre Optic Bandwidth :

The bandwidth in Optical Fibre can be increased and there is no limit for it.

Technical Sophistication :

VLSI technique which is also very cost effective.

Intelligence :

The availability of cheaper memory opens new possibilities.

Customer Service Needs :

The requirement of the customer with respect to different bandwidth requirements could be easily met without much additional equipment.

 Multi-Protocol

Labeling Switching :
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MPLS technology enables Service Providers to offer additional services for their customers, scale their current offerings, and exercise more control over their growing networks by using its traffic engineering capabilities.

IP

routing and MPLS :

In conventional IP forwarding, a particular router will typically consider two packets to be in the same FEC( Forwarding Equivalence Class) if there is some address prefix X in that routers routing tables such that X is the longest match for each packets destination address. As the packet traverses the network, each hop in turn reexamines the packet and assigns it to a FEC.

 MPLS

Terminology :
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Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC) :

a group of IP packets which are forwarded in the same manner

MPLS header :

It contains label field(20-bits) Class of Service (CoS) field (3-bits), Stack (S) field (1-bit), TTL (time-to-live) field (8-bits)

MPLS label :

Used to identify a FEC

Label Switched Path (LSP): The path through one or more LSRs at one level of the hierarchy

MPLS

Operations :

Push

Overview of Broadband Technology

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Denition :

Term for evolving digital technologies that provide customers a high-speed data network connection Provides signal switched facility offering integrated access to voice, data, video, and interactive delivery services The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) defines broadband as an advanced telecommunications capability Delivers services facilities with an upstream and downstream speed of 200 Kbps or more. Range varies from 128 Kbps to 100 Mbps.

Implementation Of Broadband

The Government of India has formulated a Broadband Policy whose main objectives are to :

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Establish a regulatory framework for the carriage and the content of information in the scenario of convergence. Facilitate development of national infrastructure for an information based society. Make available broadband interactive multimedia services to users in the public network. Provide high speed data and multimedia capability using new technologies to all towns with a population greater than 2 lakhs. Make available Internet services at panchayat (village) level for access to information to provide product consultancy and marketing advice. Deploy state of art and proven technologies to facilitate introduction of new services.

Need Of Broadband

Professional Activities:
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Telecommuting Video conferencing Home-based business

Entertainment Activities :

Home office Web surfing Video-on-demand

Consumer Activities :

Shopping Telemedicine Photography

Video conferencing
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The private virtual networks (LAN/WAN) can be used in an ample variety of multimedia services, like bank accounts and central offices.

Education By Distance Telework Telemedicine Electronic Commerce

Technology Options For Broadband Services :

Narrow Band 2.4 kbps - 128kbps

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Broadband 256kbps - 8000kbps

LAN

1000kbps - 100Mbps / Giga Ethernet Various Access Technologies are used for the delivery of broadband services. Broadband communications technology can be divided broadly in to following categories :

Wireline Technologies includes : Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) on copper loop Optical Fiber Technologies

Broadband Network :

The broadband services reached to customer from the three providers. Basically these are Service Provider, Network Provider and Access Provider. The role of Network Provider is to provide the services offered to customer through the access extended by Access Provider. There are various types of networks which are capable of transmitting and managing the broadband traffic to desired nodes or locations Wireline access technology through DSL, Fiber, Cable etc are generally adopts : IP based Network ATM Network

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Benets of Wi-Fi :

Mobility:

This mobility supports productivity and service opportunities not possible with wired networks.

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Installation Speed and Simplicity:

Installing a Wi-Fi system can be fast and easy and can eliminate the need to pull cable through walls and ceilings

Installation Flexibility :

Wireless technology allows the network to go where wire cannot go.

Reduced Cost-of-Ownership :

Long-term cost benefits are greatest in dynamic environments requiring frequent moves, adds, and changes.

Scalability:

Overview Of Intranet :

Coverage :A single Access Point can cover, at best, a radius of only about 60 metres.
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10 square kms area roughly 650 Access Points are required, where as CDMA 2000 1xEVDO requires just 09 sites.

Roaming :It lacks roaming between different networks hence wide spread coverage by one service provider is not possible, which is the key to success of wireless technology. Backhaul :Backhaul directly affects data rate service provider used Cable or DSL for backhaul. Wi-Fi real world data rates are at least half of the their theoretical peak rates due to factors such as signal strength, interference and radio overhead .Backhaulreduces the remaining throughput further. Interference :Wi-Fi uses unlicensed spectrum, which mean no regulator recourse against interference. The most popular type of Wi-Fi, 802.11b uses the crowded 2.4 GHz band.

Common Problems in Dataone Broadband Connection :

Problem :Error-678 Description :It is due to poor connectivity. Remedy :

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Switch off / Switch on Modem (Power Switch at the back of modem ) and wait for 2minutes. Then retry. problem is still not solved then

If

a)Check link lamp in Black type Modem or WAN lamp in White Modem. If it is blinking, then it is line problem. b)Check Modem to splitter connectivity. i) Jack in Jack out the cable of / to the modem and to the splitter

 Problem

:Error-769
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Description Remedy

:LAN not enabled.

The LAN Card has to be enabled by following the steps given below.

i)Go to Desktop. ii)Click My Network Place. iii)Select Properties. iv)Click Enable the local network.

 Problem

:Error- 797
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Description Remedy

:Modem or LAN driver problem

Reset the Modem (in on condition ) by pressing button available in the backside hole of the modem and wait for 2 mintues and then log on. If the problem is not solved then call your vendor to check computer LAN Card driver.

Problem

:Error - 630-633 :Computer LAN Card problem. :LAN Card has to be changed.

Description Remedy

 Problem

:Error-718
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Description

i)Peak Hour - This problem occurs if loading is high on the system and number of customers exceed the call handling capacity of B.RAS. ii)Slack Hour -This problem occurs if PPPoE is corrupted.
Remedy

i)Peak Hour - Please try after some time. ii)Slack Hour - Please load PPPoE again.