VULNERABILITY & RETROFIT OF BUILDINGS SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKES

Dr.P.Rathish Kumar Department of Civil Engineering

FEATURES OF VULNERABILITY ATLAS Three natural disasters most common in IndiaEarthquakes, floods and cyclones Macro and Micro level planning is to be done to identify the state and district boundaries, zone under which the place comes for identifying the intensity of quakes Features Seismic Hazard Map Cyclone and Wind Hazard Map Flood prone area Map Housing Stock vulnerability and level of risk each house could be subjected to Maps are drawn to a scale of 1:2.5 Million.

SEISMIC HAZARD MAPS Zone V- Covers areas liable to seismic intensity IX and above based on MMI. High Damage Risk Zone Zone IV- Gives the area liable to MM VIII. Second in severity . High Damage Risk zone Zone III- MM VII. Moderate Risk Zone Zone II- MM V or VI Low Damage Risk Zone

HOUSING VULNERABILITY TABLES # Usually based on Roofs and Walls. Category A- building in field stone, rural structures, un burnt brick houses, clay houses Category B- Ordinary brick buildings,building of the large block and prefabricated type, half-timbered structures, buildings in natural hewn stone Category C- Reinforced building, well built wooden structures Category X- Other types generally not covered in A,B and C and are generally light.

DAMAGE RISK LEVELS FOR EARTHQUAKES Very High Damage Risk(VH)- Total Collapse of Building High Damage Risk(H)- Gaps in Walls, Parts of building may collapse, separate parts of the building lose their cohesion and inner walls collapse Moderate Damage Risk(M)- Large and deep cracks in walls,

fall of chimneys on roofs

Low Damage Risk(L)- Small cracks in walls, fall of fairly large pieces of plaster, particles slip off, cracks in chimneys,

part may fall down

Very Low Damage Risk(VL)- Fine cracks in plaster, fall of small pieces of plaster

USE OF VULNERABILITY ATLAS Management of disasters and executive actions at district levels Most susceptible locations, type of housing, risk involved in the event of disaster Development plans can be prepared for (1) Preventive actions like hazard resistant constructions and retrofitting of existing buildings (2)Mitigating the intensity and extent of disaster (3)Warning system implementation (4) Hierarchical structure for preparedness (5) Training of manpower useful

in case of emergency (6) Implementation of land zoning

regulations

DAMAGE SCENARIO OF A HYPOTHETICAL 8.0 MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKE IN WARANGAL AND KARIMNAGAR Assumptions (1)Number of houses are considered as per 2001 census (2)Earthquake has occurred in the month of December (Winter Session) (3)The EQ has occurred at 3:00 Hrs when most of the inmates were sleeping (4)The size of the family per collapsing house is assumed as 3.25 (5)The average death rate is varied between 6-18% of the occupants of collapsed houses. Assume 10% (6)In partially collapsed houses death rate is say 4% of occupants

Table-1 Houses type in the District of Karimnagar and Warangal of Andhra Pradesh(2001 Census)
S.N o 1 2 District Total Houses 7,83,915 5,51,235 % Area MSK MSK VII < VI 30.2 69.8 86.0 14.0

A
3,72,105 2,01,175

Number of House Types B C 3,04,335 1,57,010 15,230 22,710

X
92,245 1,70,340

WGL KRMR

13,35,150

5,73,280

4,61,345

37,940

2,62,585

Table-2 Number of Houses of various type in Different Seismic Intensity Areas of Magnitude 8.0 EQ in 2001
S.No District No of A Type VII 1 2 WGL KRMR 1,12 ,376 1,73 ,011 < VI 2,59,7 29 28,16 4 No of B Type VII 91,90 9 1,35, 029 < VI 2,12,42 6 21,981 No of C Type VII 4,600 19,530 < VI 10,630 3,180 VII 27,85 8 1,46,4 92 No of X Type < VI 64,387 23,848

2,85 ,387

2,87,8 93

2,26, 938

2,34,40 7

24,130

13,810

1,74,3 50

88,235

Table-3 Estimate of Potential Building Damage

Buildin g type A No. of Houses in each Intensity Zone VII- 2,85,387 < VI-2,87893 B VII- 2,26,938 < VI-2,34,407 C VII- 24,130 < VI-13,810 VII- 1,74,350 <VI- 88,235 Total Completely Collapse 14,270 Partially Collapse Few14,270 Large Cracks Most2,14,04 0 2,14,04 0 Small Cracks Bal57,077 Many 1,13,46 9 1,70,54 6 No of Fine Cracks 2,87,893 1,13,469 2,34,407 24,130 13,810 1,74,350 88,235 9,36,294

Note: Few=5%

Many= 50%

Most= 75%

Bal= Balance

SUMMARY OF DAMAGE
(1)No of completely Collapsed Houses Nil (2)No of Partially Collapsed Houses - 14,270(A Type) (3)No of Largely Cracked Houses 2,14,040 (4)No of Houses with small cracks 1,70,546 (5)No of Houses with Fine Cracks - 9,36,294

Estimation of No of Deaths Assuming 3.25 persons in each house and 4% of occupants die in a partially collapsed houses No of deaths = 14,270 x 3.25 x 4/100 = 1855

Estimating of Monetary Loss Assumptions Compensatory relief for a life = Rs 1.0 Lakh Average Cost of Reconstructing a House= Rs 0.70 Lakh Average Cost of Rehabilitating houses with large cracks and retrofitting = 1.15 X 0.30 = 0.35 Lakh Average Cost of rehabilitating houses with small cracks and retrofitting = 0.20 Lakh Average Cost of rehabilitating houses with fine cracks and retrofitting = 0.05 Lakh *Compensation for death= 1,855 Lakhs *Compensation for Partially Collapsed houses and retrofitting = 14,270 X 0.70 = 9,989 Lakhs *Largely Cracked Houses = 2,14,040 X 0.35 = 74,914 Lakhs *Small Cracked Houses= 1,70,546 X 0.20 = 34,109 Lakhs *Houses with fine cracks= 9,36,294 X 0.05 = 46,814.70 Lakhs Total = 1,20,867 Lakhs = 1213.8 Crores

Thank you