DEPARTEMEN HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN

[6] Age of Empires: Imperialism and the Race of European Superpowers in the World Order
Oleh: Dr. Hj. Aelina Surya, Dra. Hikmawan Saefullah, S.IP, MAIR (Hons).

Westphalian Moment
The Peace of Westphalia (1648): as symbolic peace/ treaty:
Konsolidasi otoritas (authority) dalam kerangka entitas teritorial (nation-state). Mengakhiri otoritas dan dominasi Kaisar/Raja dan Paus (Pope) Mengawali pemisahan urusan agama dengan politik (separation of church and politics) Menolak segala bentuk hegemoni

Key Elements of the Sovereign State

Territoriality supreme authority within their territorial borders (sovereign) Authority no higher authority beyond these borders: principles of (equality) Legitimacy Internal and external recognition of the right to rule themselves (self-determination)

Cultural International Society

Konsep International Society sebagai club of states yang hanya beranggotakan negara-negara Barat di Eropa. Eropa sebagai Christendom: Christian International Society (OHagan 2010):
Hugo Grotius: concept of a Christian International Society based on religious commonality and reciprocity:
Respect for one anothers independence Honour agreements and promises Agree to limitations in their use of force against one another Cooperate in certain institutions: international law, balance of power, diplomacy and war

The Expansion of European International Society/Powers

Tiga Faktor yang mendorong Ekspansi Eropa ke berbagai wilayah di dunia: Ideational Religion Economic and Political Commercial and political competition Military Security and military capability competition

The Evolution of International Society

Edward Keene: Sejak perjanjian Westphalia (1648), kelahiran dunia modern membawa perubahan kepada tataran dunia internasional:
Bagi Eropa: kesetaraan (equality) antara negaranegara Eropa, bertujuan membentuk institusi dan manajemen toleransi terhadap segala perbedaan. Bagi non-Eropa: ketidaksetaraan (unequality) antara bangsa Eropa dan non-Eropa, pembagian kedaulatan, dan pembangunan peradaban (civilizing others)

The Standard of Civilization

Capacity to guarantee basic rights An organised political bureaucracy and capacity for self-determination Obey International Law Capacity to fulfill the obligations of diplomacy, and respect agreements Conforms with accepted norms and practices (no slavery, polygamy, etc.)

Masalah yang muncul

Paul Keal (2002): the problem of cultural incommunserability:
Pengertian tentang perbedaan (difference) Standard dan kriteria yang digunakan kaitannya dengan mereka yang berbeda Bentuk-bentuk interaksi dengan perbedaan atau mereka yang berbeda

Empires and Imperialism

Age of Empires
What is Empire? Etimologi: Latin: Imperium: command, authority, rulership, power
Edward Said: the practice, theory, and attitude of dominance by a metropolitan centre ruling distant territory Michael Doyle (1986): Empires are relationships of political control imposed by some political societies over the effective sovereignty of other political societies or effective control, whether formal or informal, of a subordinated society by an imperial society

Key Elements of Empire

Hierarchy - Imperium as a ruling sovereignty subordinating other societies. - Diversity within an extensive dominion - Authority focused in a single ruler Expansiveness - Capability to expand its power beyond its original boundaries.

Dimensions of Empire
Military capability Legislative and administrative realm Ideological or cultural community Romes legacy of universalism and exclusiveness

Group Discussion
What Drives a society towards empire? What enables a society to obtain empire? Identify the sources of power (military, economy, political, ideological)? Can we still use the concept of Empire in current international relations? Apa bedanya Empire dengan Imperialisme?

Imperialisme
Scientific and intellectual Justification: European Racist discourse John Hobson (2004: 220):
Implicit Imperialism (abad ke-18 awal abad 19) Explicit Imperialism (awal abad ke-18, baru muncul setelah 1840)

The Scramble of Africa

The Scramble of Africa

Colonialisation of Africa by Europeans

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The Battle of Adwa (1896) Ethiopia Vs. Italy

Ethiopian Soldiers and the King of Ethiopia (Menelik)

Ethiopian Soldiers and the King of Ethiopia (Menelik)

Group Discussion
What were the ideology of decolonialisation and resistance to European empires? What were the source of resistance?

Next Meeting
9 Nov: Decolonisation and Resistance to European Empires
Tutorial Academic Writing Tutorial Presentasi Kelompok

16 Nov: Europe and the Two World Wars (PD I 1914-1918 & PD II 1939-1948)
Presentasi Kelompok

Europe and the Cold War (1945 1989)

Tutorial Presentasi