Ging vin: Nguyn Thanh Vit

ANTEN VI DI
TRNG H KHOA HC T NHIN
KHOA IN T VIN THNG
CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG
Thc hin: Nhm RFG
1. Trn Bo Chu 0920008
2. Bin Ngc Duy 0920013
3. Trn Vn Dng 0920019
4. Nguyn Khc Duy Khnh 0920048
5. Nguyn Vn Bnh 0920152
6. Nguyn Minh Hong 0920177
7. Phan Thanh Minh 0920200
8. Phm Nguyn Phc 0920214
9. Trn Trung Tn 0920236
10. L Bo Trung 0920240
Content
S lc
truyn thng
khng dy
C bn v
anten
Anten vi di
Thit k v
m phng
Kt lun
S LC V TRUYN
THNG KHNG DY
1
H thng di ng (Cellular
System) Thi k u
2
H thng di ng (Cellular
System) Hin ti v tng lai
3
Cu to in thoi di ng
(Cellular phone)
Thi k u
Dch v in thoi cng cng u tin bt
u M vo nm 1946.
Dch v ny ch cung cp ch b bn song
cng (half duplex) vi bng thng truyn
120kHz.
n gia thp nin 1960, vi s pht trin
ca cng ngh, bng thng cho vic truyn
ging ni gim xung cn 30kHz v c th
cung cp dch v song cng (Full duplex).
Tuy nhin vic c qu t knh v nhu cu
s dng ngy cng tng lm cho dch v
ny nhanh chng b bo ha.
Thi k u
Vo thp nin 1960, phng th nghim
AT&T Bell v mt s cng ty vin thng
khc pht trin cng ngh in thoi radio
di ng/t bo (cellular radiotelephony)
khi nim ca vic chia nhng vng chung
thnh nhng t bo nh, mi t bo li s
dng li nhng phn d ca ph tng
ph s dng trong nhng h thng c s
h tng.
Hnh 1.1 th hin vic ti s dng tn s.
Thi k u
Hnh 1.1 M hnh ti s dng tn s
Thi k u
Knh c th c s dng li ch khi
khong cch gia cc b truyn gim can
nhiu.
Nm 1983, FFC (Federal Communications
Commission - y ban truyn thng lin bang)
phn phi cc knh cho AMPS (Advanced
Mobile Phone System h thng in thoi
di ng ci tin) trong khong 824 894
MHz.
AMPS s dng iu ch tn s tng t
cng vi FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple
Access a truy cp phn chia tn s).
Thi k u
Frequency Division Multiple Access
Thi k u
Nm 1991, h thng s u tin c thit lp
nhng thnh ph chnh ca M.
H thng ny c gi l USDC (U.S. Digital
Cellular) v s dng iu ch s cng vi
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) t
c cng sut gp 3 ln.
S dng cng di tn s vi AMPS (824 894
MHz).
IS 95 l h thng s tip theo c thit lp
vo nm 1993 v s dng CDMA (Code
Division Multiple Access) vi bng thng knh
khong 1.25 MHz v s dng iu ch
QPSK/BPSK.
Thi k u
Time Division Multiple Access and Code Division Multiple Access
Thi k u
Nm 1995, dch v PCS (Personal
Communication Services Dch v truyn thng
c nhn) ra i.
Mt v d ca h thng PCS l DCS-1900 s
dng di 1850-1900 MHz v vn c s dng
ngy nay.
H thng ny da trn TDMA v c s sp t
knh 200 kHz v 8 khe. H thng cng cung cp
nhng dch v nh nh s, gi ID v email.
Trong mt h thng PCS, t bo c chia hn
na thnh nhng macrocell, microcell v picocell
c th kt hp mt cch linh hot hn nh
trong hnh 1.2.
Thi k u
Hnh 1.2 Cu trc di ng trong PCS
Hin ti v tng lai
Hnh 1.3 Mng li di ng ngy nay v tng lai
Hin ti v tng lai
Mt h thng a phng tin mt t/v
tinh s c tch hp. Truyn thng trn
ton cu s c h tr thng qua v tinh
s dng cng v tinh kt ni vi cc
mng c nh mt t.
Cp ngm, si quang hay sng radio c
s dng kt ni cc cng n mng c
nh.
Mng c nh s kt ni ti trm c s
cung cp kt ni n in thoi hoc cc
thit b cm tay.
Hin ti v tng lai
Cc trm c s trong nh t nhng vn
phng v nhng ni cng cng nh trm
xe but hay ga xe la, sn bay v ca hng
cng s c kt ni ti mng c nh.
nhng ni khng th cung cp thng tin
ti bi cc trm mt t hay mng c nh,
v tinh s c s dng kt ni ti cc
thit b c nhn.
Do , thit b cm tay qu tht s h tr
a phng tin: tch hp ging ni, d liu,
tn hiu video...
Hin ti v tng lai
Ngi dng s truy cp vo mt phm vi
rt rng ca dch v nh gi in, fax, th
in t, web, hi ngh video, mua hng t
xa v nhng dch v khn cp
Hin ti v tng lai






Mt thit b cm tay c th cung cp tt c cc
ng dng. Thit b c th c s dng
nh, kt ni ti mng di ng khi li xe. Ti ni
lm vic, thit b c th kt ni ti h thng
khng dy ca vn phng. V trong nhng
chuyn cng tc, ngi dng c th s dng
thit b thng qua v tinh
Cu to in thoi di ng
(Cellular phone)
Cellular
phone
Board mch vi
cc vi x l
Mn hnh tinh th
lng (LCD)
Anten
Pin
Bn phm
Loa Microphone
Cu to in thoi di ng
Hnh 1.6 (Motorola Inc) l in thoi cm
tay s dng vi h thng AMPS vo nm
1983.
Cu to in thoi di ng
Hnh 1.7 l cc loi thit b cm tay trc
y, qua cc giai on thi gian, thit b tr
nn nh v nh hn.


Cu to in thoi di ng
t c nhng thit k nh hn nh
vy, mi thnh phn trong in thoi di ng
cn lm nh hn. Nhng iu kin thun li
ca cng ngh VLSI m bo cho nhng
microchip tr nn nh hn c th s dng
cho vic x l nhng tn hiu cn thit.

Cu to in thoi di ng
Anten l mt trong cc b phn cn tr nn
nh v mng hn. iu ny s gip cho mt
chic in thoi tr nn thon gn.
Thit k nhng anten gn v mng, dng
trong nhng thit b di ng/PCS, l mc ch
ca ti ny.

C BN V ANTEN
1
Gii thiu Anten
2
S pht x ca Anten
3
Vng trng gn v xa
4
Pht x trng xa t dy dn
5
Cc h s hiu sut ca Anten
6
Cc loi Anten thng dng
Gii thiu
Anten l vt c cu trc kim loi c
dng pht v nhn nng lng in
t.
Mt anten hot ng nh mt thit b
chuyn tip gia cc thit b dn ng
(ng dn, ng truyn) v khng gian.
IEEE nh ngha theo Stutzman v
Thiele: l mt phn ca h thng
truyn hay nhn c thit k pht
hay nhn sng in t.
S pht x ca Anten
Trong pht x ca anten, pht x dy dn
l yu t chnh v dng bin i theo thi gian
hay gia tc (gim tc ) ca in tch.
Nu khng c s chuyn ng ca in
tch trong dy dn, s khng c pht x xy
ra, dn n khng xut hin dng in.
Pht x s khng xy ra ngay c khi in
tch chuyn ng vi vn tc u dc theo
dy dn thng.
S pht x ca Anten
Tuy nhin in tch chuyn ng vi
vn tc u theo ng cong hay dy b
b cong s xut hin pht x.
Nu in tch thay i theo thi gian
pht x s xy ra sau thm ch cn
xut hin trong dy dn thng nh c
gii thch bi Balais.

S pht x ca Anten
Hnh 2.1 Pht x ca mt anten
S pht x ca Anten
S pht x t mt anten c gii thch
bi hnh 2.1 cho thy ngun in p kt ni
vi hai dy truyn.
Khi c mt in p hnh sin i qua ng
truyn, mt in trng s c hnh thnh,
l hnh sin v tip tuyn vi ng truyn.
ln ca in trng c tnh bi
cng dng in. Cc electron t do trn
dy dn nh hng n cng dng in
v chuyn ng ca cc in tch ny l
nguyn nhn dn n vic hnh thnh mt t
trng.
S pht x ca Anten
V in trng v t trng thay i
theo thi gian, sng in t c hnh
thnh v c s dch chuyn qua li
cc sng in t ny gia cc dy
dn.
Khi cc sng in t ny i vo khng
gian, cc sng khng gian t do c
hnh thnh bi s ng tt dng in.
S pht x ca Anten
V ngun hnh sin lin tc to ra s
nhiu lon in, cc sng in t cng
c tao ra lin tc v c s chuyn dch
cc sng ny xuyn qua ng truyn,
qua anten v c pht x vo khng
gian.
Trong ng truyn v anten sng in
t c duy tr lin tc bi cc in tch,
nhng nhanh chng c y vo khng
gian, to thnh nhng vng kn v c
pht x.


Vng trng gn v xa
C nhiu kiu trng, kt hp vi mt
anten, thay i theo v tng thch vi hai
loi nng lng: nng lng pht x v nng
lng phn x. Khng gian xung quanh mt
anten chia lm ba vng.

Reactive
Near
Field
Region
Far
Field
Region
Radiating
Near
Field
Region
Vng trng gn v xa
Vng phn x trng gn: trong vng ny
trng phn x chim u th. Nng lng
phn x dao ng hng ti v i t anten,
do xut hin nh l in khng.
Trong vng ny nng lng ch c lu
m khng c tiu tn. Ranh gii ngoi
cng ca khu vc ny l khong cch
vi R1 l khong cch tnh t
b mt anten, D l kch thc ln nht ca
anten v l bc sng.

3
1
0.62 / R D =
Vng trng gn v xa
Vng pht x trng gn (cn gi l vng
Fresnel): l khu vc nm gia vng phn x
trng gn v trng xa.
Cc trng phn x trong vng xa chim
u th. Trong vng ny, s phn b trng
gc l hm ca khong cch t anten. Ranh
gii ln nht ca vng c khong cch
vi R2 l khong cch tnh t b
mt anten.

2
2
2D / R =
Vng trng gn v xa
Vng trng xa (cn gi l vng
Fraunhofer): khu vc ngoi l vng
trng xa.
Trong vng ny cc trng phn x khng
cn v ch tn ti cc trng pht x. Trong
vng ny s phn b trng gc khng ph
thuc vo khong cch t anten v mt
cng sut bin i theo nghch o bnh
phng khong cch.

2
2
2D / R =
Vng trng gn v xa
Reactive
Near Field
Region
Far Field
Region
Radiating
Near Field
Region
Pht x trng xa
t dy dn
Pht x trng xa
t dy dn
Pht x trng xa ca mt lng cc
Hertzian c th c gii thch vi h thng
ta hnh cu nh hnh 2.3.
Trc z l trc thng ng v mt phng xy
l mt nm ngang, l gc nng v l
gc phng v . Mt phng xz l mt phng
nng ( =0) (hay mt phng E) l mt
phng cha vector in trng v c pht
x ln nht. Mt phng xy l mt phng
gc phng v ( =/2) (hay mt phng H)
l mt phng cha vector ln trng v
c pht x ln nht.
Pht x trng xa
t dy dn
Pht x trng xa c th c gii
thch nh vo lng cc Hertzian hoc
lng cc vi phn l mt phn ca dy
dn thng c chiu di L v ng knh
rt nh so vi mt bc sng (Gi s
mt dng in u chy qua chiu di
dy ).

Pht x trng xa
t dy dn
Nu lng cc dng ny n trc z, ta c
th vit:
2
2
(0) sin 1 1
1
4 ( )
(0) cos 1
1
2
(0) sin 1
1
4
0, 0, 0
jkr
jkr
r
jkr
r
kI Le
E j
r jkr kr
I Le
E
r jkr
kI Le
H j
r jkr
H H H
u
u
u
q
t
u
q
t
u
t

u
u
(
= + +
(

(
= +
(

(
= +
(

= = =
Pht x trng xa
t dy dn
Trong pht x trng xa, r
2
v r
3
c th b
qua, nn ta c th rt gn phng trnh:




Trong : l tr khng t do bn trong.
k= 2/ l h s truyn sng.
r l bn knh hnh cu.


(0)
sin
4
(0)
sin
4
0
jkr
jkr
r
kI Le
E j
r
kI Le
H j
r
E
u
q u
t
u
t

u
=
=
=
Pht x trng xa
t dy dn
Trong tt c phng trnh trn, pha c
truyn i v gi nh tt c trng l hnh sin
bin thin theo thi gian. Trong cc phng
trnh trn ch c trng khng v khng v
chng nh hng ln nhau.
Ta c , nh vy tr khng sng
l 120 v cc trng c pha t l nghch vi
r. Cc thnh phn E, H v r hnh thnh mt
quay phi nh vector Poynting trong hng r
v n cho bit hng truyn ca sng in
t.

/ E H
u |
q =
Pht x trng xa
t dy dn
Trung bnh vector Poynting c th vit:


y E v H biu din gi tr nh ca in
trng v t trng.
Cng sut pht trung bnh ca mt anten :


Trong ds l vi phn vector
l ln trung bnh vector Poynting.



* 2
1
Re ( / )
2
av
W E H Watts m ( =

( )
rad rad
P W ds Watts =
}}
2
sin r d d r u u = u
Pht x trng xa
t dy dn
Cng pht l cng sut pht t
anten trn n v gc:


U l cng pht Watts trn mt
n v gc.

2
rad
U r W =
Cc h s hiu sut
ca Anten
Hiu sut ca mt anten c th c hiu
chnh bi cc thng s:
1. M hnh pht x.
2. S nh hng.
3. Tr khng li vo.
4. T l in th sng dng.
5. Suy hao phn x (Return Loss).
6. Hiu sut.
7. li.
8. S phn cc.
9. Bng thng.
M hnh pht x
L mt th v nhng c tnh pht x
trng xa ca anten v l mt hm ta
khng gian c trng bi gc nng v gc
phng v.
Xt trng hp ca mt anten ng hng
(Anten pht x nh nhau ti mi hng):
Nu tng cng sut pht x ca anten ng
hng l P, do cng sut s tri khp
hnh cu bn knh r, v vy mt cng sut
S ti khong cch ny bt k hng no
l:

2
ar 4
P P
S
ea t
= =
M hnh pht x
Mt pht x ca anten ng hng:


th pht x chung ca anten nh
hng:

2
4
i
P
U r S
t
= =
M hnh pht x
HPBW: rng chm na cng sut.
Main lobe: L bu sng pht x theo hng
c pht x ln nht.
Minor lobe: Tt c nhng bu sng khc
main lobe c gi l minor lobes (bu sng
ph), i din cho s pht x theo nhng
hng khng mong mun.
Back lobe: l minor lobe i din vi main
lobe.
Side lobe: L nhng minor lobes ngay cnh
main lobe v phn cch bi nhng khong
trng. Thng ln nht trong s minor lobe.
S nh hng
(Directivity)
S nh hng ca mt anten c nh
ngha l t s cng pht x theo mt
hng cho trc t mt anten trn cng
pht x trung bnh theo mi hng.
Ni cch khc, s nh hng ca mt
ngun khng ng hng l t s cng
pht x ca n theo hng cho trc trn
cng pht x ca mt ngun ng
hng .
4
i
U U
D
U P
t
= =
D l s nh hng ca mt anten.
U l cng pht x ca anten.
U
i
l cng pht x ca ngun ng hng.
P l tng cng sut pht x.
S nh hng
i khi, khng th xc nh c hng ca
s nh hng. Trong trng hp ny,
hng ca cng pht x ln nht c
chn:

D
max
l nh hng ln nht.
U
max
l cng pht x ln nht.
nh hng l mt i lng khng c chiu.
N c biu din theo dBi. nh hng ca
mt anten c th c lng t mu pht x
ca anten. Mt anten mun nh hng tt
phi c main lobe rng.
max max
max
4
i
U U
D
U P
t
= =
Tr khng li vo
L tr khng ca mt anten ti u cui
ca n hay l t s gia in p v dng
cc cp u cui hoc l t s cc thnh
phn in t v t trng ti mt im.
Tr khng ca mt anten c th vit :

Trong :
Z
in
l tr khng anten ti cc u cui.
R
in
l in tr anten ti cc u cui.
X
in
l in khng anten ti cc u cui.

in in in
Z R jX = +
Tr khng li vo
Thnh phn o ca tr khng li vo biu
din cng sut cha trong trng nng
lng ca anten.
Thnh phn ca tr khng li vo gm 2
phn, tr pht x v tr ti. Cng sut ca
tr pht x l cng sut pht x thc t bi
anten, trong khi cng sut b tiu tn b
mt v nhit trong chnh anten do cht in
mi hay dy dn.


T l in th sng dng
T l in th sng dng
anten hot ng hiu qu, cng sut
truyn ti a phi xy ra gia b truyn v
anten.
Cng sut truyn ti a ch c th xy ra khi
tr khng ca anten (Z
in
) iu hp vi b
truyn (Z
s
).
Theo l thuyt truyn cng sut ti a, cng
sut ti a ch c th c truyn khi tr
khng ca b truyn l lin hp phc vi
tr khng ca anten v ngc li.


T l in th sng dng
Do , iu kin cho iu hp l:


Vi:
(nh hnh 2.5)


*
in s
Z Z =
in in in
Z R jX = +
s s s
Z R jX = +
T l in th sng dng
Nu iu kin iu hp khng c tha
mn, cng sut c th b phn x tr li v
to ra sng dng, c trng bi h s
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR).



Trong :
: H s phn x.
V
r
: Bin sng phn x.
V
i
: Bin sng ti.


1 | |
1 | |
n s r
i in s
VSWR
Z Z V
V Z Z
+ I
=
I

I = =
+
T l in th sng dng
VSWR v c bn l s o lng tr
khng khng iu gia b truyn v
anten.
VSWR cng cao, khng iu hp cng
ln. VSWR nh nht tng ng vi iu
hp hon ho. Mt thit k anten thc t
nn c tr khng vo l 50 hoc 75 .

Suy hao phn x (Return
loss)
L cng sut mt mt khi n ti (load)
khng tr v nh s phn x. Nh gii
thiu, sng phn x to nn sng dng khi
tr khng b truyn v anten khng iu
hp. Do RL tng t VSWR.

Vi iu hp hon ho gia my pht v
anten, =0, RL= khng c phn x, trong
khi =1, RL=0 dB phn x l hon ton.
Trong ng dng thc t, VSWR bng 2 l
mc cho php, bi v tng ng vi RL
= -9.54 dB.


10
20log | | ( ) RL dB = I
Hiu sut ca Anten
Hiu sut anten l mt thng s da
vo tnh ton s tn tht u cui
(terminal) ca anten v cu trc bn
trong ca n. Nhng tn tht ny cho
bi:
- Phn x (do khng iu hp).
- Tn tht I
2
R (dn v in mi)
Hiu sut ca Anten
Do tng hiu sut anten c vit:


Trong :
e
t
: tng hiu sut anten.
e
r
: (1-|
2
|) hiu sut phn x.
e
c
: hiu sut dn.
e
d
: hiu sut in mi.

t r c d
e e e e =
Hiu sut ca Anten
e
c
,e
d
th kh c th tch ri, chng kt hp
li to ra hiu sut e
cd
c cho bi:



e
cd
: hiu sut pht x anten (anten radiation
efficiency) v c nh ngha nh t s
cng sut phn phi trn in tr pht x
R
r,
R
r
v R
L
.
r
cd c d
r L
R
e e e
R R
= =
+
li
C quan h mt thit vi nh hng
ca anten.
Nu anten t 100% hiu sut, li s
bng nh hng v anten s l pht x
ng hng.
li l lng nng lng nhn c
trn 1 hng v c cho bi:

n v dBi.
( ) ( )
d
, ,
c
G e D u | u | =
S phn cc
L c tnh th hin s thay i hng
theo thi gian v mi quan h vi bin
ca vector trng in.
S phn cc ca anten l s phn cc
ca vector trng in ca sng pht x.
Thng gm tuyn tnh (ngang v ng)
v vng (phn cc bn tay tri hay phi).
S phn cc
S phn cc
Nu ng i ca vector trng in
ti v lui trn mt ng thng ta c
phn cc tuyn tnh.
Trong sng phn cc vng vector
trng in l mt hng s v di
nhng xoay quanh mt ng i vng
trn.
S phn cc
Bng thng
L di tn s c th s dng c cho s
hot ng ca anten.
i vi anten di rng th l t l gia tn
s trn v di c th hot ng.
i vi anten di hp l phn trm ca s
sai khc tn s so vi tn s trung tm.
(%) 100
H
broadband
L
H L
narrowband
C
f
BW
f
f f
BW
f
=
(

=
(

f
H
= upper frequency
f
L
= lower frequency
f
C
= center frequency
Bng thng
Mt anten c gi l di rng nu
F
H
/F
L
=2.
Mt phng php nh gi hiu
sut hot ng ca mt anten trn di
tn yu cu l o h s VSWR ca n.
Vi VSWR 2 (RL - 9.5bB) m
bo hiu sut tt.

Bng thng
Cc loi anten thng
dng
1. Lng cc na sng.
Chiu di anten bng chiu di sng.
c s dng rt rng ri.
Cc loi anten thng
dng
1. Lng cc na sng (tt)
Anten lng cc c to nn bi ng
truyn 2 dy nn 2 dng trong dy dn c
dng hnh sin c cng bin nhng
ngc chiu.
li in hnh l 2 dB.
Bng thng khong 10%.
S phn cc l 1.64 (2.15dB).
Tr khng pht x 730 .

Cc loi anten thng
dng
M hnh pht x ca lng cc na sng
Cc loi anten thng
dng
2. Anten n cc
L kt qu ca vic p dng nh l nh
vo lng cc.

Hnh 2.11 Anten n cc
Cc loi anten thng
dng
S phn cc gp i anten lng cc.
Tr khng bng anten lng cc.
Lng cc na sng xp x sng n cc
(L / 2 = / 4 ).
Rt hu dng trong anten in thoi dng
xe hi hoc thit b cm tay.
li cho n cc chiu di sng l 2-
6dB.
Bng thng khong 10%.
Tr khng pht x 36.5
nh hng l 3.28 (5.16dB).
Cc loi anten thng
dng
Hnh 2.12 M hnh pht x ca anten n cc
Cc loi anten thng
dng
3. Anten khung (Loop anten)
L mt dy dn un cong thnh vng trn
hay l hnh vung h to thnh u cui
nh 2.13.


Cc loi anten thng
dng
C hai loi l anten khung in nh v
anten khung in ln.
Nu tng chu vi l rt nh so vi bc sng
(L<< ) th anten khung c gi l anten
khung in nh.
Mt anten khung in ln l loi c chu vi
gn vi bc sng.
Mu pht x trng xa khng nh hng
nhiu bi hnh dng.
Cc loi anten thng
dng
Nh hnh 2.14, cc
m hnh pht x
tng t nh lng
cc, tuy nhin lng
cc phn cc thng
ng trong khi khung
trn nh phn cc
theo chiu ngang.
Cc loi anten thng
dng
Anten khung thng c li t -2dB n
3 dB v bng thng khong 10%.
Anten khung nh th rt ph bin nh anten
thu sng.
Anten khung vng n (single turn loop
antena) c dng trong my nhn tin
(pages) v anten khung nhiu vng
(multiturn loop antena) c dng trong thu
sng AM qung b.
Cc loi anten thng
dng
4. Anten xon c
Mt anten xon c l
mt dy dn ni t, v
c cun thnh hnh
xon c (hnh 2.15).
Anten c th hot ng
mt s dng, tuy
nhin 2 dng chnh l
dng thng (pht x
ngang) v dng trc
(pht x dc).
Cc loi anten thng
dng
Khi ung knh xon
c rt nh so vi bc
sng, anten hot ng
dng thng.
Tuy nhin khi chu vi
ca vng xon l bc
ca bc sng, anten
hot ng dng trc.
Cc loi anten thng
dng
Trong ch hot ng bnh thng,
trng anten l cc i trong mt phng
thng ca trc xon c v cc tiu dc
theo trc ca n. Ch ny cung cp
bng thng thp v thng c s dng
cho cc ng dng di ng cm tay.
Trong hot ng dng trc, anten pht ra
mt pht x dc vi mt chm tia n dc
theo trc xon c. Dng ny cung cp
li tt hn (ln n 15dB) v t l bng
thng cao (1.78:1) so vi ch hot ng
bnh thng.
Cc loi anten thng
dng
Do hot ng trong
trng thi bng
thng rng, cc
anten dng trc
c s dng
chnh cho truyn
thng v tinh. Hnh
2.16 cho thy cc
mu pht x ch
thng hot
ng tt hn ch
trc.

Cc loi anten thng
dng
5. Anten sng (Horn anten)
Anten sng c s dng ch yu
trong vng sng vi ba (di GHz) m
ng dn sng l gii php ch yu, v
c bn anten sng bao gm mt ng
dn sng c phn cui loe ra ngoi
to thnh cu trc ging nh mt ci
loa.
Cc loi anten thng
dng
Cc loi anten thng
dng
V c bn, hot ng ca sng l
chuyn t dng ng dn sng thnh
dng khng gian v vic chuyn i
ny lm gim sng phn x v tng
sng truyn sng lm cho VSWR thp
v bng thng rng.
Anten sng c s dng rng ri
trong thin vn hc, v tinh v truyn
thng anten cho.
ANTEN VI DI
1
Gii thiu
2
u im v khuyt im
3
K thut cp ngun cho
anten
Gii thiu
Hnh 3.1 Cu to mt Anten vi di
Gii thiu
Hu ht khi dng c bn, anten vi di
bao gm mt di (patch) kim loi rt mng
(b dy t <<
0
vi
0
l bc sng trong
chn khng) t cch mt phng t mt
khong rt nh (h <<
0
, thng th
0.003
0
<h<0.05
0
).
Di thng c lm vt liu dn in nh
ng, vng v c nhiu hnh dng.
i vi di hnh ch nht, chiu di L ca
di thng trong khong 0.3333
0
<L<0.5
0
.
Gii thiu
Di v mt phng t c tch bit bi
mt lp in mi nn (substrate). Hng s
in mi ca cht nn (
r
) nm trong
khong 2.2
r
12.
Anten vi di c th c rt nhiu dng, gm
cc loi di hnh ch nht, hnh vung,
trn, tam gic, elip, hnh vnh khn, v.v....
Tuy nhin loi ph bin nht l anten hnh
ch nht v hnh vung do d phn tch v
ch to.

Gii thiu
Hnh 3.2 Cc dng ph bin ca anten vi di
Gii thiu
i vi anten c hiu sut tt, mt cht nn
in mi dy c hng s in mi thp l
iu cn thit v s lm anten hot ng
hiu qu hn, bng thng ln hn v pht
x tt hn.
Tuy nhin nhng yu cu s lm cho
anten c kch thc ln. Khi s dng cht
nn vi hng s in mi cao hn th anten
vi di s c kch thc nh hn song li
km hiu qu v bng thng hp hn.
Do , vn l phi cn bng 2 yu t
kch thc v hiu sut anten.
u v nhc im
Anten vi di ngy cng c s dng
rng ri trong cc ng dng khng
dy do cu trc n nh ca n.
V vy, cc anten vi di ny s v
cng thch hp khi nhng vo cc
thit b cm tay nh in thoi di
ng, my nhn tin, v.v...
u v nhc im
Mt s u im ca anten vi di:
- Khi lng v kch thc nh, mng, d
sn xut .
- Gi thnh thp nn c th sn xut vi s
lng ln.
- C th cho phn cc tuyn tnh hay vng.
- Cng ngh ch to hon ton ph hp vi
cc mch tch hp vi sng
- ng truyn cung cp v ghp ni mng
anten c th c thc hin ng thi vi
vic ch to anten .
u v nhc im
Bn cnh u im, anten vi di
cng c mt s nhc im:
- Bng thng hp.
- li thp .
- Hiu sut nng lng c th s dng
c thp.
Cc k thut cp ngun
Cc phng php cp ngun c th c
phn lm hai loi: tip xc v khng tip
xc.
Trong loi tip xc, nng lng RF c
cp trc tip vo di pht x bng mt
phn t ni nh mt dng vi di.
Vi loi khng tip xc, khp ni trng
in t c thc hin chuyn nng
lng gia dng vi di v di pht x.
Cc k thut cp ngun
Microstrip Line Feed
(cp ngun bng ng
truyn vi di)
Aperture Coupled Feed
(cp ngun dng
phng php ghp gn)
Coaxial Feed (cp
ngun bng Probe ng
trc)
Proximity Coupled Feed
(cp ngun dng
phng php ghp khe)
Phng php
khng tip xc
Phng php
tip xc
Microstrip Line Feed (cp
ngun bng ng vi di)
Trong k thut ny, mt di dn in c
ni trc tip n cnh ca di nh hnh 3.3.









Hnh 3.3 Cp ngun bng ng truyn vi di
Microstrip Line Feed
Di dn in ny c chiu rng nh hn so
vi di.
Ngun cung cp c gn trn cng mt
cht nn to ra mt cu trc phng cho
anten.
Mc ch ca vic ghp ny l ph hp
tr khng ca ngun vi di pht x m
khng cn thm yu t b sung no khc.


Microstrip Line Feed
iu ny s t c bng vic kim sot
v tr ghp ni. Do vy, y l mt k thut
cp ngun n gin, v n d ch to v
m hnh ha cng nh l iu hp tr
khng.
Tuy nhin, khi s dng mt cht nn in
mi dy th s lm tng cc sng b mt,
cc ngun pht x tp nhiu v iu ny s
lm gim bng thng ca anten.
Coaxial Feed (cp ngun
ng trc)
L mt phng php rt ph bin cp
ngun cho anten vi di.


Hnh 3.4 Cp ngun bng phng php ng trc
Coaxial Feed
Dy dn bn trong ca cc kt ni ng
trc c xuyn qua lp in mi v c
hn vo di pht x, trong khi dy dn bn
ngoi c ni vi mt phng t.
u im chnh ca phng php ny l c
th c t bt c v tr mong mun no
bn trong di ph hp vi tr khng
u vo ca n.
Phng php ny cng d thc hin v c
lng pht x tp nhiu thp.
Coaxial Feed
Hn ch chnh ca phng php ny l
cp ng trc ni t t n di c bng
thng hp v s gy kh khn trong vic
xy dng m hnh cho anten v 1 l c
khoan trong cht nn v nh ra ngoi mt
phng t s lm cho cht nn dy hn
(h>0.02
0
).
Khi cht nn dy hn, chiu di u d
tng v lm cho tr khng u vo tng
cm ng.

Aperture Coupled Feed
(phng php ghp gn)
Trong k thut ny, di pht x v ng
np vi di c ngn cch bi mt phng
t nh trong hnh 3.5.

Hnh 3.5 Cp ngun dng phng php ghp gn
Coaxial Feed
Khp ni gia di v ng cp ngun
c thc hin thng qua mt khe cm hay
khu trong mt phng t.
Khi mt phng t tch di v dng cp
ngun th ngun pht x tp nhiu c
gim thiu.
Mt bt li ln ca k thut cp ngun ny
chnh l n kh khn ch to v c nhiu
lp v chnh iu lm cho anten dy
thm. V k thut ny cng s cung cp
bng thng hp.
Proximity Coupled Feed
(phng php ghp khe)
K thut cp ngun ny cn c gi l
khp ni in t.
Hnh 3.6 Cp ngun bng phng php ghp khe
Proximity Coupled Feed
Nh trong hnh 3.6, dng cp ngun nm
gia hai cht nn in mi v di pht x
th nm trn cht nn in mi cao hn.
u im chnh ca k thut ny l n loi
b cc ngun pht x tp nhiu v cung
cp bng thng rt cao (cao nht l 13%),
do s tng ln v dy tng th ca
anten vi di.
K thut ny cng cho php la chn gia
hai cht in mi khc nhau, mt cho di
pht x v mt cho dng cp ngun, ti
u ha hiu sut ca mi thnh phn.


Proximity Coupled Feed
Vic kt hp c th thc hin c bng
vic iu khin di ca dng cp ngun
v t l chiu rng dng ca cc di.
Tuy nhin, kh khn ca k thut ny l vic
rt kh ch to bi hai lp in mi c
s lin kt thch hp. Ngoi ra, cn l
s gia tng dy tng th ca anten.

Proximity Coupled Feed
c trng
Cp ngun
bng ng
truyn vi di
Cp ngun
bng probe
ng trc
Cp ngun
dng ghp
gn
Cp ngun
dng ghp
khe
Ngun pht
x tp nhiu
Nhiu Nhiu t hn t nht
tin cy Tt hn Thp do hn Tt Tt
Ch to D
Cn hn v
khoan
Yu cu s
lin kt
Yu cu s
lin kt
iu hp
tr khng
D D D D
Bng thng 2-5 % 2-5 % 2-5 % 13 %
Bng 3.1 So snh gia cc k thut cp ngun khc nhau.
THIT K V M PHNG
ANTEN VI DI
1
Tiu chun thit k
2
Cc bc thit k
3
M phng v kt qu
Tiu chun thit k
Ba thng s cn thit cho thit k anten vi
di hnh ch nht:
1. Tn s hot ng (f
0
): H thng thng tin
c nhn s dng cc di tn s t 1850-
1990 Mhz. Do anten phi c kh nng
hot ng trong di tn s ny. Tn s
cng hng c la chn cho thit k
ny l 1.9 GHz.
2. Hng s in mi ca cht nn (
r
):
thng s dng silicon c hng s in
mi 11.9. Cht nn c hng s in mi
cao gip lm gim kch thc ca ng-ten.
Tiu chun thit k
3. Chiu cao ca cht in mi (h): i vi
cc anten vi di s dng trong in thoi di
dng iu cn thit l khng knh cng. Do
chiu cao ca cht in mi c chn
l 1.5mm.
V vy cc thng tin cn thit cho vic thit
k l:
f
o
= 1.9 GHz

r
= 11.9
h = 1.5 mm

Cc bc thit k
Anten vi di nhn t trn
Cc bc thit k
Bc 1: Tnh ton rng (W): rng
ca anten vi di c cho bi cng thc
sau:



Vi c = 3x10
8
m/s,
r
= 11.9 v f
o
= 1.9GHz
Suy ra W = 0.0311m = 31.1mm
0
( 1)
2
2
r
c
W
f
c
=
+
Cc bc thit k
Bc 2: Tnh ton hng s in thm
tng ng (
reff
):



Vi
r
= 11.9, W = 33.1mm, h = 1.5 mm
Suy ra ta c:
reff
= 10.7871
1
2
1 1
1 12
2 2
r r
reff
h
W
c c
c

+
(
= + +
(

Cc bc thit k
Bc 3: Tnh di hiu dng ca anten
(L
eff
):



Vi
reff
= 10.7871, c = 3x10
8
m/s v f
o
=
1.9GHz ta c:
L
eff
= 0.024m = 22.4mm
0
2
eff
reff
c
L
f c
=
Cc bc thit k
Bc 4: Tnh chiu di m rng (L):




Vi
reff
=10.7871, W= 31.1mm, h = 1.5mm.
T ta tnh c: L = 6.3455e-4 mm.
( 0.3) 0.264
0.412
( 0.258) 0.8
reff
reff
W
h
L h
W
h
c
c
| |
+ +
|
\ .
A =
| |
+
|
\ .
Cc bc thit k
Bc 5: Tnh chiu di thc t ca di
(patch) (L): Chiu di thc t thu c qua
phng trnh sau:


Vi L
eff
= 22.4mm, L = 6.3455e-4 mm
Ta tnh c: L = 0.0228m = 22.8mm
2
eff
L L L = A
Cc bc thit k
Bc 6: Tnh ton kch thc mt phng
t (L
g
v W
g
): ln mt phng t c
tnh bi:
L
g
= 6h + L = 6(1.5) + 22.8 = 31.8mm
W
g
= 6h + W = 6(1.5) + 31.1 = 40.1mm


Cc bc thit k
Bc 7: Xc nh im cp ngun(X
f
,
Y
f
):
- Ly trung tm ca di l im gc v v tr
im cp ngun l ta (X
f
, Y
f
) tnh t
gc.
- im cp ngun phi c t im
trn di, ni m tr khng vo l 50 Ohm
cho tn s cng hng.
- Do , phng php th v li c s
dng xc nh v tr im cp ngun. Vi
thit k ny Y
f
= 0 v X
f
thay i tm
im cp ngun ti u.

M phng v kt qu
Phn mm c s dng xy dng m
hnh v m phng anten vi di l Zeland Incs
IE3D.
N c s dng rng ri trong thit kt MICs,
RFICs, anten di, anten dy v cc loi anten
RF/khng dy khc. N c th c s dng
tnh ton v v th cc thng s S
11
,
VSWR, phn phi dng cng nh pht x m
hnh.
n gin, cc gi tr chiu di, chiu rng
ca di v mt phng t c lm trn nh
sau L = 22 mm, W = 31 mm, L
g
= 31 mm, W
g

= 40 mm.
Suy gim v bng thng
trn anten
Suy gim v bng thng
trn anten
Cc kt qu trong bng di y thu c
sau khi thay i v tr cp ngun d liu dc
theo chiu di ca di t gc (trung tm
ca di) n cc cnh bn phi ca n.
Cp ngun vi cp ng trc c bn knh
0.5mm. Mt di tn s t 1.7-2.1 GHz v
401 im tn s c chn trn phm vi
ny c c kt qu chnh xc. Bng
4.1 cho thy kt qu t cc im cp ngun
khc nhau.
Suy gim v bng thng
trn anten
Suy gim v bng thng
trn anten
Hnh 4.3 Suy gim vi cp ngun nhng im khc nhau
Suy gim v bng thng
trn anten
Tn s trung tm c chn l ti im m
suy gim phn hi l nh nht.
Bng thng c th c tnh ton t th
ca s suy gim phn hi (Return Loss).
C th ni bng thng ca Anten c phm
vi tn s ln hn khi s suy gim thch ng
ln hn -9.5 dB (-9.5 dB tng ng vi mt
VSWR=2).
T bng 4.1, nhng im cp ngun ti u
c tm thy ti (X
f
,Y
f
)= (4,0) ni thu c
RL l -31.3585 dB.
Suy gim v bng thng
trn anten
Bng thng ca anten cho nhng im cp
ngun (hnh 4.4) c tnh ton l 23.28
MHz v tn s trung tm thu c l
1.9120 GHz rt gn vi tn s thit k
mong mun l 1.9 GHz.
Khi im cp ngun di chuyn ra xa trung
tm trn di, tn s trung tm bt u gim
nh. N cng cho thy rng d s suy gim
thch ng ti a c thu ti (X
f
,Y
f
)= (4, 0),
bng thng ti a li thu c ti
(X
f
,Y
f
)=(4.75, 0).

Suy gim v bng thng
trn anten
Hnh 4.4 Suy gim phn hi ti im cp ngun (4, 0)
M hnh pht x (Pattern)
Khi anten vi di pht x trung bnh trn b
mt di ca n, m hnh mt chiu i vi
= 0 v = 90 s tr nn rt quan
trng.
Hnh 4.5 bn di cho thy li ca
anten tn s 1.912 GHz cho = 0 v =
90 .

th pht x mu
(Pattern)
M hnh mt chiu vi = 0 v = 90
th pht x mu
(Pattern)
khuych i ti a t c theo hng
ngang ( bn - broadside) v o c l
1.87 dBi cho c 2, = 0 v = 90 .
Pht x bu sng ph sau nh v o
c l -5.3 dBi cho th trn. Pht x
bu sng ph sau thp thun li cho vic
s dng anten ny vo trong in thoi di
ng, v n gim lng pht x in t ti
ngi s dng.
th pht x mu
(Pattern)
Hnh 4.6 (a) th pht x 3D nhn dc theo trc Y trong mt phng XZ
(b) th pht x 3D nhn dc theo trc Z trong mt phng XY
th pht x mu
(Pattern)
Khi anten vi di c thit k cho in
thoi di ng, n s c nh hng
trc Z song song vi b mt ca tri t.
Hnh 4.7 (a) pht x 3D cho in thoi nh hng trong mt phng YZ
(b) pht x 3D cho in thoi nh hng trong mt phng XZ
Mt s thng s khc
Mt s tnh ton cc thng s khc nh
li, s nh hng, hiu sut anten,
rng bu sng anten 3dB ti 1.912 GHz
c a ra di y:
li = 1.8717 dBi
Hng tnh = 5.56 dBi
Hiu sut anten = 42.77 %
rng bu sng 3 dB = (106.85, 110.24)
.
KT LUN
Mc ch ca ti ny l thit k mt
anten vi di thu gn s dng trong cc thit
b khng dy/di ng.
Mt chic in thoi di ng in hnh c
kch thc khong 14.5cm v 4.5cm. Do
vic thit k anten phi lm cho ph hp
vi nhng chic in thoi .
Nh trnh by, mt anten vi di c
thit k vi tn s trung tm 1.91 Ghz.

KT LUN
Mt phng y c thit k khong 30
n 40mm v ln di l 22mm n
31mm. Do gn t trong mt in
thoi di ng thng thng.
th mu pht x t c nh yu
cu.
Gim pht x cng t c gip hn
ch pht x nng lng in t i vi
ngi s dng.
KT LUN
li 1.87 dBi v tin ti 5.56 dBi cng
t c.
Bng thng cho anten ny l 23.28 MHz
cho thit b cm tay trong di PCS bi v h
thng TDMA v GSM s dng knh 30
KHz.
KT LUN
V mt s hn ch v kin thc cng nh
thi gian nn phm vi ca ti cha c
m rng cng nh hin i. Mc tiu trong
tng lai l m rng cho thit k a di.
Mt s thit b hin i (smartphone,
tablet,) c ph cung cp nhiu ng dng
cho ngi dng. lm c iu ny
anten trong thit b phi c kh nng hot
ng nhiu tn s ring bit. V y cng
l iu m nhng nh thit k anten ang
thc hin.