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INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE (ITK) and Its Relevance for Sustainability

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Presented by: Wadkar Sagar Kisan Ph.D. Scholar sagarkwadkar@gmail.com

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Content
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Introduction Concept of ITK Comparison between TK and SK Why we document and protect ITK Scientific integration of ITK: Documentation and validation Probable areas of ITK Resource centre's for ITK Research study Conclusion
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Indigenous Knowledge is information base for a society which facilitates communication and Decision making, indigenous Information system are dynamic, and are continually influenced by internal creativity and experimentation as well as by contact with external systems
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(Flavier et.al,1995)

When an old knowledgeable person dies, a whole library dies African proverb

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INDIAS RICHNESS India is one of the identified mega biodiversity or biodiversity rich country of the world. Indigenous Knowledge Cultural Heritage

Protecting Indias wealth

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15 Agro-climatic zones of the world's 18 biodiversity hotspots

Two

47,000

plant sp (7% of the animal sp (6.5% of

worlds flora)
81,000

worlds fauna)
15, Of

000 medicinal plants 1,500 medicinal plants, are used in the

500

preparation of drugs
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Indian Biodiversity Dairy Extension

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The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)recognizes the dependency of indigenous and local communities on biological diversity and the unique role of indigenous and local communities in conserving life on Earth. Article 8(j) of the CBD, subject to national legislation, respect, preserve and maintain the knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities relevant for the conservation of biological diversity and to promote their wider application with the approval of knowledge holders and to encourage equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of biological diversity. Doha ministerial declaration also talks about the relationship bet the TRIPS agreement, and CBD, the protection of ITK and folklore

Legal Provisions 15th May 2012 Dairy Extension

Division

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Changes in Perspective

Shifting emphasis in Research & Extension Considering farmers as

Recipients of external knowledge Sources of information for technology Contributors of ITK, design Victims & Cause for

1950 - 1975 Production Stage 1975 - 1985 Economic Stage 1985 - 1995 Ecological Stage 1995 onwards
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Dominating Discipline
Plant & Animal Breeding Genetics Economics & Agronomy Agro-ecology & Anthropology OD, HRD & 15th May 2012 Training

Institutional

Unsustainable development Full collaborators to Res. Dairy Extension & Extn., Develop Division alliances

Favourable Environment Support to Programmes Collective wisdom Quick information exchange Provides sustainability Group Action Draws strength from ITK Local Experience Programme Economy Quick TOT

Farmers participation
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Definition: ITK

ITK refers to information gained over a period of time, passed on from generation to generation by word of mouth.

ITK refers to the unique, traditional, local knowledge existing within and developed around the specific conditions of women and men indigenous to a particular geographic area (Grenier, 1998).

ITK is the sum total of knowledge and practices which are based on peoples accumulated experiences in dealing with situations and problems
11 in various aspects of life, and such Dairy Extension and knowledge 15th May 15th May 2012 Dairy Extension 11 2012 Division Division practices are special to a particular culture (Wang,

Related Terminology
Local Knowledge (LK) Traditional Knowledge (TK) Native Wisdom (NW) Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)

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Indigenous Originally, "indigenous" was equivalent to "local" or "folk" or, when applied to knowledge, "informal knowledge". (Antweiler 1998) Indigenous Knowledge Indigenous knowledge is the knowledge that helps a society make decisions about activities, such as agriculture and education that are acceptable to their life ways. (`Puffer 1995) Indigenous Innovations When new idea or improvement of the resources is accomplished through traditional methods or knowledge systems, then it is called an indigenous innovation. It is often the case that, indigenous innovations are environmentally friendly and sustainable when compared with scientific innovations. (Sopazi and Andrew 2005)
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The Concept ...

ITK is based on experience often tested over centuries of use adapted to local culture & environment dynamic and changing stored in people's memories and activities expressed in stories, songs, folklore, proverbs, dances, myths, cultural values, beliefs, rituals, community laws, local language and taxonomy, agricultural practices, equipment, materials, plant species and animal breeds 15th May 2012 Dairy Extension 14 Communicated orally Division 14

Characteristics
Location specific, Use local/indigenous materials Accumulated information base Respond to day-to-day situations and problems Dynamic and based on innovation, adaptation, and experimentation Unique to a culture Usually communicated over generations by word of mouth Cost effective, less capital intensive Important in resource conservation and recycling

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 Recognition It

Contd

brings pride to farming community

provides unwritten rules and social norms in a to sustainability does not mean an inflexible adherence to

social system
Contribute Traditional

the past it simply means time tested and wise. Certain ITKs shatter the belief that recommendations made by agricultural scientists are always superior
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Traditional Instruction Method. observation

Influenti al Practice& Education Factors

Borrowed Practiced Adopted From elders

technology

ITKS
Belief, Proverbs
Rural saying Festivals Folk songs Folk festivals

Human Resources

Gopalam & Reddy, 2005

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Artisans Farmers Local Dairy intelligent Extension Resource Division

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Comparisons between ITK and SK styles

Indigenous T. Knowledge Sacred and secular together Teaching through storytelling Scientific Knowledge Secular only Didactic

Learning by doing and Learning by formal education experiencing Oral or Visual Written Integrated, based on a whole Analytical, based on subsets of system the whole Intuitive Model- or Hypothesis-based Holistic Reductionist Subjective Objective 15th May 2012 Dairy Extension Experiential Positivist Division

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Comparisons between ITK and SK in use

Indigenous T. Knowledge Scientific Knowledge lengthy acquisition rapid acquisition powerful prediction in local areas powerful predictability in natural principles weak in predictive principles in weak in local areas of knowledge distant areas models based on cycles linear modeling as first approximation explanations based on examples, explanations bases on anecdotes, parables hypothesis, theories, laws Classification: Classification: a mix of ecological and use based on phylogenic non-hierachical differentiation relationships hierarchical differentiation includes everything natural
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and supernatural

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Dairy Extension excludes the supernatural Division

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Why we document ITK ?

Economic, social and political factors Rapid pace of acculturation / urbanization Modernization The knowledge survives through word of mouth particularly among the old generation It has practical utility in almost every activity of human life It can be tool for projects planning for conservation of biological diversity and sustainable uses of natural resources.
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Protect 15th May 2012

the intellectual Extension of Dairy property

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To improve the livelihoods of ITK holders and communities To conserve the environment To prevent biopiracy The recognition of the creativity of the traditional communities is essential for the conservation of biodiversity as well as conservation of intellectual diversity. To benefit national economy
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Reasons for protecting Traditional Knowledge

Scientific Integratio n of Documentation ITK

Validation Refinement Integration

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Documenting ITKs
ITKs are documented in the form of descriptive texts, reports, taxonomies, inventories, maps, matrices, audio- visuals, dramas, stories, songs, drawings, seasonal charts, daily calendars etc. ITKs are stored in local communities, databases, card catalogs, books and journals, audio-visuals, museums, etc.
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Methods for Documenting ITKs

Methods Items What How Why Who Where When How Often How widespr ead How effective
Informa l Intervie w Key Informan ts Pan el Disc ussi * on Focus grou ps Case studi es Participant Observatio n

* * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * 24 24

* * * * * * * * 15th May 2012

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Methods for Documenting ITKs

Methods Items What How Why Who Where When How Often How widespread How effective Sortin g& Rankin g * * * Venn diagrams * Role play * * * * Photos * * * * Video * * * *

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Format for Documenting ITK

1. Title of the ITK 2. General description of the ITK practice 3. Rationale and hypotheses 4. Who uses? ( Community/ individual) their economic status, caste, religion, tribe, education 5. Experiences of users regarding impact of ITK 6. Technical feasibility 7. Compatibility with agro-ecosystem, socio-cultural system 8. Since how many years this practice is in use, how they learn about it? 9. Documentary Evidence (photograph, sketch, diagram, map etc.) 10. Relevant specific information 11. Consent of informant/ representative
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The online National Register of Innovations in Multilanguage Sample pages: | English | Gujarati | Hindi | National Innovation Foundation, India Register New Innovation 1. Name 2. Address 3. City/Villag 4. District e 5. State 6. Telephone 7. Email 15th May 2012
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Contd

8. Summary of Innovation: 9.Whether it is a new innovation or based on traditional 10. If it is knowledgebased on traditional knowledge, specify whether

It is known only to me. It is known to every one in the region

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11. What is the main advantage of this innovation over what is already known to 15th May 2012 people?
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Contd
12.Any major limitations or shortcomings, or precautions necessary before or during the use of this innovation

13. Name of three referees who know about this innovation

14.Specify your condition in case you would like to disseminate this innovation

No restriction Only on commercial basis With further research on it Without further research on it

15.Any other? Please specify:

16.Has anybody else helped you in developing this innovation?

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Criteria for Validation of ITK

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

Efficacy Availability Cost effectiveness Understandability/complexity Cultural appropriateness Effect on different groups in communities Environmental soundness Constraints
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7) 8)

Validation of ITK
1. 2.

Through literature Through QuIK Method (Villiers, 1996) Ingredient analysis On farm Trial Farmer participatory research Laboratory studies
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3. 4. 5. 6.

Probable areas of ITK

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Nutrient management management(Eg: Bio pesticides) and post harvest management and aqua culture

Pest

Storage

Fisheries Ethno Farm

veterinary practices

implements

Probable areas of ITK

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Blending of ITK with Scientific Knowledge

It can identify active ingredients and come up with appropriate recommendations in terms of effective application rates.

Facilitates

process in which researcher and farmer

can learn from each other.

Adaptation Vital

rate will increase

for sustainable intensification

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Identify Problem

Decisions on using ITK in Agricultural R&D

No

Does ITK relating to problem exist? Yes

Test appropriate outside knowledge

Is ITK effective and sustainable?

Yes

Promote ITK

No Can ITK be improved? Yes No

Test appropriate outside knowledge

Apply and promote improved ITK

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Method s

Document the ITKs

Surveys / RRA / PRA Observations Documentary evidences Survey Laboratory Analysis On -farm testing

Validate the ITKs / Assess the ITKs for Scientific Logic

Refine the ITKs for increasing its applicability on wider sc ale

Input to Research On Farm Research Farmer Partic ipatory Research Laboratory Studies Guard & Legalize the ITKs Ensure Ownership to Local Communities

Protect the Valid and Refined ITKs

Use Media Mix Integrate Indigenous Networks Publicize & Reward

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Promote the Use of 15th May 2012 validated and refined ITKs

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Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Act (PPVFR) 2001

Optimum balance between breeders and farmers rights Provides protection to new varieties, extant varieties including farmers varieties and varieties of common knowledge Novelty not essential for extant/farmers varieties or varieties of common knowledge, distinct nomenclature important National Gene fund to credit benefit shared under act, use 15th May 2012 fund Extension 37 Dairy Division 37 to support conservation at community level and

Resource centers working for different aspects of ITK

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The Centre for Indigenous Knowledge in Agriculture and Rural Development (CIKARD) of Iowa State University publishes Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor (1987) The Centre for International Research and Advisory Network (CIRAN) hosts Indigenous Knowledge Home Page The World Bank Indigenous Knowledge Database The International Development Research Centre (IDRC) The Centre for World Indigenous Studies Management of Social Transformations (MOST) of UNESCO the Best Practices database Society for Research and Initiatives for Sustainable Technologies (SRISTI) Dairy Extension 15th May 2012 Honey Bee network in 71 countriesDivision

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 Constituted

by the DST Government of India. Established as an autonomous society in 2000.

To ensure evolution and diffusion of green grassroots innovation in a selective, time-bound and mission oriented basis so as to meet the socio-economic and environmental needs of our society

To

help building National Register innovations. To provide institutional support and build linkages between excellence in formal scientific systems and informal knowledge systems and create a knowledge network to link various stakeholders through application of information technology and other means.
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Initiated

in the year 2001 Provides information on traditional knowledge existing in the country, in languages and format understandable by patent examiners at International Patent Offices (IPO's) Acts as a bridge between the traditional knowledge information existing in local languages and the patent examiners at IPO's
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IK and the MDGs

Potential Contribution of IK Towards Achieving the MDGs
MDG IK example Source

Eradicate poverty and hunger

In the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, farmers used their local knowledge and expertise to increase agricultural productivity and incomes by 60 percent in about five years

IK notes 45

(World bank Report, 2001)

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SRISTI Society for Research and Initiatives for Sustainable Technologies and Institutions SRISTI, which means creation, was bornProf. Anil Gupta in 1993 essentially to support the activities of the Honey Bee Network to respect, recognize and reward the creativity at grassroots. Based in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, is a registered charitable organization that is devoted to empowering the knowledge rich-economically poor people by adding value in their contemporary creativity as well as traditional knowledge. It has helped establish GIAN, NIF, etc. Extension 15th May 2012 Dairy
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GIAN is an incubator of grassroots innovations and traditional knowledge GIANs setup at Ahmedabad (West region) & Jaipur (North region) In addition, GIAN Cells are present at Tumkur & Madurai in South India, Kashmir University in J&K, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology in Sikkim. NIF cell has been setup in Assam at IIT Guwahati.
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METHODS OF INFORMATION GATHERING The scouting of innovations and traditional knowledge has traditionally been achieved through the following modes.
A)

Seeking SHODH YATRA (A journey of exploration): walking through the villages, village meetings, bio-diversity competitions, recipe competitions, recipe competitions, felicitation of creative problem solvers

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Shodh sankal - a local network of grassroots innovators Scanning of old literature 15th May 2012 Dairy Extension Involving the media Division
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Receiving Through the honey bee network Through innovators Electronic submission Direct entries C) Collecting Through survey of odd balls in villages by students Agricultural, cultural fairs and exhibitions Traditional food festival (satvik) Scouting fellowships D) Sample/Plant Identification (in case of herbal entries) Herbarium preparation Authentication E) Selection 15th May 2012 Dairy Extension Division F) Prior for establishing originality 15th May 2012 art search Dairy Extension

B)

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Perceived Effectiveness of ITK among Livestock Owners: S.K. Singh and Jitendra Chauhan
ITK: 50 gms of til bark or leaves, 50 gms of turmeric, 50 gms of lal duddhi, 50 gms of sarson grains, 100 ml of lemon juice and 100 gms of tulsi leaves. Mean value of perceived effectiveness of ITK and their PST regarding Haemorrhagic septicaemia in animals
S.N Parame o. 1. 2. 3. ter ITK PST Total Cost Accessibil Compatibil Sustainab Adaptabi Rationali Complexi ity ity ility lity ty ty 2.670. 2.140.0 3.110.07 3.060.0 3.210.0 3.060. 2.470.0 078a 50a 6a 74a 75a 073a 75a

1.370. 1.490.0 1.450.08 1.610.0 1.370.0 2.610. 1.830.0

a-b : Values bearing different85b superscripts within a 065b 87b 1b 73b 102b 82b column differ significantly (P<0.01) 15th May 2012 Dairy Extension 2.020. 1.810.0 2.280.06 2.340.0 2.290.0 2.840. 2.150.0 Division a-b *: Values bearing different superscripts and (*) 48 Dairy Extension 15th May 2012

Researchable areas..
Development of an Integrated Traditional and Scientific Knowledge Base: A Mechanism for Accessing, Benefit-Sharing and Documenting Traditional Knowledge for Sustainable Socio-Economic Development and Poverty Alleviation Role of ITK in CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION Developing the GIS - based ITK database: As tool for decision support in agriculture and livestock sector
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Model for establishing national level ITK centre

FARMERS Documentation ITK (A/c to Agro-climatic zones) Development and modification

Centre of excellence for ITK (A/c to Agro-climatic zones) Rationalization and test verification ITK

Multi location trials Release the developed ITK for adoption Extension system
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Indigenous knowledge is an integral part of the culture and history of a local community. We need to learn from local communities to enrich the DEVELOPMENT PROCESS. James D. Wolfensohn, President of the World Bank
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