EPITHELIUM (I)

Abraham A.A. Osinubi M.B.,B.S.; M.Sc.; Ph.D.; FACE Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria

OUTLINE/OBJECTIVES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Introduction Pre-test Characteristics Functions Origin of ET Classification Simple/Unilaminar ET Stratified/Multilaminar ET Glandular ET Membrane specialization Post-test Closing Abraham A.A. Osinubi 2010

EPITHELIAL TISSUE (ET)

INTRODUCTION

Epi, upon; theos, nipple Four basic types of tissue ET, CT, muscular, NT Neoplasms (NP) 0-10 yrs=most NP from haematopoietic organs, nerve, CT, ET 45+yrs= over 90% NP from ET
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CHARACTERISTICS OF ET (I) ET composed of closely aggregated polyhedral cells with very little extracellular substance Basal surface in contact with a thin layer of filamentous protein & proteoglycan- basal lamina Cells of ET have strong adhesion & form cellular sheets that cover body surfaces & cavities Ability to regenerate Blood vessels do not penetrate
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CHARACTERISTICS OF ET (II)
EC displays polarity Many possess great capacity for renewal & regeneration Covers the exterior surface Lines all passages that connect directly or indirectly with the exterior Lines serous cavities Lines the cardiovascular channels Makes up the secretory cells of many glands
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PRINCIPAL FUNCTIONS OF ET (I)

Protection- Covering & lining of surfaces-

skin Lubrication Secretion Digestion Absorption Transport Excretion Sensation-neuroepithel Contractility- myoepithelial cells
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ORIGIN OF EC
From all 3 germ layers Ectoderm- epidermis, glandular tissue of the breast, cornea, nose & junctional zones of the buccal cavity & anal canal. Endoderm- lining of RS, GIT, glds of GIT, distal parts of U-GT Mesoderm-Mesothelia- internal cavities (pericardial, pleural, peritoneal) & proximal parts of U-GT; Endothelia- lining of blood vessels & lymphatics
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 Basis- no of cell layers - morphological features of cells in the surface layer - cell shape Simple E.- squamous, cuboidal, columnar, Pseudostratified

CLASSIFICATION OF ET

Stratified E.- (classified according to cell

shape of its superficial layer) squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional
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Others
Neuroepithelium Myoepithelium

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The cytoskeletal intermediate filaments of mesothelia & endothelia are of CT type-vimentin rather than keratin filaments in epithelia proper
SIMPLE (UNILAMINAR) ET

Little cytoplasm, few organelles- low metabolic activity

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SIMPLE SQUAMOUS ET
Composed of flattened, interlocking, polygonal cells Cytoplasm scanty & nucleus usually bulges into overlying space Line alveoli of lungs, renal corpuscles, thin segments of renal tubules & parts of inner ear
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SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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FUNCTIONS OF SIMPLE SQUAMOUS ET

Allows rapid diffusion of gases & H20 May also engage in active transport Occluding junctions b/w adjacent cells ensure that substances pass primarily through cells rather than b/w them Facilitates movement of viscera Secretion of biologically active molecules
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CUBOIDAL & COLUMNAR ET

Consist of regular rows of cylindrical cells Cuboidal cells-square in vertical section Columnar cells- taller than their diameter Both polygonal in horizontal sections. Microvilli commonly found on their free surfaces

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SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

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WHAT DID YOU NOTICE ABOUT THE DIMENSION AND NUCLEUS OF CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL CELLS ?

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 The cells are about as tall as they are wide Nucleus usually round & located in the centre of cell Line small ducts & tubules which may have excretory, secretory or absorptive functions Site some examples
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 Small collecting ducts of the kidney PCT & DCT (large

cuboidal cells with brush) borders

Salivary glands Pancreas Ovary Thyroid

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Tall cells along a basal lamina Typically line glandular lumena or ducts Columnar cells often produce mucin and may be called a mucinous epithelium Example is the surface lining of the colon May have cilia or microvilli along the lumenal border. The cell nuclei are typically located toward the basal lamina Gallbladder( with brush border)
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COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

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SIMPLE COLUMNAR CILIATED EP The synchronizing actions of the cilia generate current capable of propelling fluid & particles Uncommon in human Fallopian tube
Efferent ductules of the testis

What may be functions of this type of ET in the oviduct ?

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SIMPLE CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

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COLUMNAR/CILIATED COLUMNAR

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PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR Not all cells along basal lamina reach the lumenal surface, though all contact the basal lamina, some constituting a basal cell layer, often mitotic & capable of replacing damaged mature cells. Cilia are present This type of epithelium lines the respiratory tract from the nasopharynx down into the bronchioles of the lung Sensory ET of olfactory area Parts of male urethra lining
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PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EP

At medium power can be seen the pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the lumen of the trachea in the upper respiratory tract. This epithelium has ciliated cells as well as some mucus cells.

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PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR CILIATED EP

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Explain these terminologies 1.Mucociliary escalator 2.Mucociliary rejection current

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STRATIFIED EP
EP with 2 or more layers of cells Protective in function mainly Degree & nature of stratification related to types of mechanical stress surface is exposed to. Classification based on the shape & structure of surface cells cells of basal layer are usually cuboidal.
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STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EP
Constant formatn/maturatn& loss of cells Formed mitot. in the most basal layers Cells move progressively to the exterior, changing from cuboidal/columnar to a more flattened form, & eventually being shed from the surface Occur in sites exposed to mechanical stresses & provide for protection of underlying tissues against mechanical, microbial & chemical damage 2 major types- keratinized & non keratinized
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Can I tempt you ?

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Then attempt this

Write short note on keratinized and nonkeratinized squamous epithelium Attempt to balance structure with function in your narration.

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STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM Cells toward the surface have smaller nuclei and greater amounts of cytoplasm with keratin Mucosal surfaces without much wear and tear are not covered with a layer of keratin (non-keratizining squamous epithelium), as on the cervix On surfaces receiving greater wear and tear, there is a thick layer of acellular keratin (keratinizing squamous epithelium), as on skin
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STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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 In surfaces subject to drying & mechanical stresses Entire epidermis, mucocutaneous junctions of lips, nostrils, distal anal canal, outer surface of TM, gingivae, hard palate & anterior dorsal tongue When newly formed, keratinocytes contain many ribosomes, mitochondria & extensive cytoskeleton of keratin filament anchored into the PM at desmosomal contacts with neighbouring cells
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KERATINIZED EPITHELIUM

KERATINIZED EPITHELIUM (ctd.)

As keratinocytes move away from the base, the cell surface become highly folded, tightly interlocking with those of adjacent cells- stratum spinosum As cells move more superficial, they flatten & synthesize amongst others, keratohyaline, which mingles with keratin filaments & gives a granular appearance- stratum granulosum
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KERATINIZED EPITHELIUM(ctd.)

Cells also synthesize & secrete a glycolipid that coats cell surface, forming a thick, adhesive, waterresistant lipidic cement b/w cells Cells loose nuclei, keratin filaments become firmly embedded in matrix protein & cells become dead, flattened & glassy- stratum lucidumstratum corneum

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NON-KERATINIZING ET
Present at surfaces subject to abrasion but protected from drying- parts of buccal cavity, oro- & laryngopharynx, oesophagus, part of anal canal, vagina, distal uterine cervix, distal urethra, conjunctiva & cornea, inner surfaces of eyelids & vestibule of nasal cavities
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STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL ET RARE Usually 2-3 layers of cuboidal or low columnar cells Ducts of sweat glands

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STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EP
RARE Found only on a few moist surfaces where more protection is needed Lining of larger excretory ducts of exocrine glands- salivary Ocular conjunctiva
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TRANSITIONAL EP
Lines the urinary bladder, ureter, upper part of urethra Has features intermediate between strat cuboidal & strat squamous EP Form of cells changes according to degree of distention of bladder In the relaxed state, 4-5 cell layers thick Basal cells ~cuboidal; intermediate cells polygonal; surface cells large & rounded & may be binucleated In stretched state appears 2-3 cells thick, intermediate & surface layers extremely thin
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TRANSITIONAL EPITH

The

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NEUROEPITHELIAL CELLS
cells of epithelial origin with specialized sensory functions

Found in special sense organs of the olfactory, gustatory & vestibulocochlear receptor systems

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MYOEPITHELIOCYTES
Branched cells that contain myosin & large no of actin microfilaments Fusiform or stellate in shape Contract when stimulated by nervous or neurohormonal signals Surround secretory portions & ducts of mammary, sweat, salivary & lacrimal glands Contraction assists initial flow of secretion into larger channels
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 THERE IS NO SUBSTITUTE TO DILIGENCE AND HARD WORK BY YOUR ACTION YOU ARE PRESENTLY SOWING , EITHER NOW OR LATER YOU SHALL REAP YOUR REWARD, SO DO NOT GIVE UP, YOU ARE AT THE EDGE OF YOUR BREAKTHROUGH
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THANKS, REMAIN BLESSED FOREVER QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS Website: www.abrahamosinubi.com

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