GE 32 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Click Presented by to edit Master subtitle style K. Muthu Kumar(lect, CSE) PSNEC

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Definition, scope and importance of environment need for public awareness Ecosystem structure and function of an ecosystem producers, consumers and decomposers energy flow in the ecosystem ecological succession food chains,

Unit I ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY

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Introduction to biodiversity definition: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity biogeographically classification of India value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values

Unit I ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY

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INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

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Environment
the sum of total of all the living and non-living things around us influencing one another TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT: 1.Natural environment 2.Man-made environment Click to edit Master subtitle style COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT: 1.Abiotic (Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere) 2.Biotic( Animals, plants and micro organisms)
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Environmental Science

The study of the environment, its biotic(biological) and abiotic (non biological) components and their interrelationship.

The application of engineering principles to the protection and enhancement of the quality of the environment 5/22/12 and to the enhancement and

The multidisciplinary integration of sciences and engineering in order to utilize the huge biochemical potential of microorganisms, plants and parts thereof for Comput the restoration and preservation of the environment and Statistics Physics er Geology for the sustainable use of resources
Demography Economics

Science Thermodynami cs
Chemistry

Biology

Environmental Science Mathemati

cal modeling
Anthropology

Biotechnology Ecology

Informatics 5/22/12

Chemistr y& Chemical engineeri ng

Hydrology

A mixture of gases surrounding a planet.

Atmospher e

Prevented from escaping due to pull of gravity

Also includes water, carbon dioxide and ozone.

Plays a major part in the various cycles of nature (water cycle, carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle)

In the lowest layer, the Earths atmosphere

1. Thermosphere

Highest layer (80km/50mi to about 700km/450mi)

Layers of the Atmosphere

The thermal structure of the Earths atmosphere is the result of:

complex interaction between the electromagnetic radiation from the sun; radiation reflected from the Earths surface and molecules and atoms in the atmosphere.

Temperature is higher because of collisions between ultraviolet photons and atoms of the atmosphere

Mesopause base of the thermosphere

3. Stratosphere

Temperature decreases with altitude of 10km/6mi to 50km/31mi. Temperature ranges from -60oC/-140oF to near 0 oC/32 oF Ozone better absorber of UV radiation than ordinary oxygen atom prevents lethal amounts of UV from reaching the Earths surface Tropopause

Layers of Atmosphe re

2. Mesosphere Temperature decreases with altitude of 50km/31mi to 80km/50mi. Temperature ranges from 0oC/32oF to below -100 oC/212 oF Stratopause found on top of the stratosphere Production of ozone (O3) from oxygen molecules (O2)

the Atmospher e

Layers of the Atmosphere

4. Troposphere

The lowest level of the atmosphere (altitude from 010 km) With temperature of 150C by the Earth, which in turn is warmed by infrared and visible radiation.

SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

To get an awareness and sensitivity to the total environment To motivate the active participation in environmental protection To develop skills for identifying and solving environmental problems To know the necessity of conservation of natural resources.

Ecosystem -living things in a given area, non-living chemical and physical factors of their environment, linked together through nutrient cycle and energy flow
Types of Ecosystem Natural Artificial/Man-made

ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY

Terrestrial

Aquatic

Marine

Fresh water

Lotic -river, stream or spring.

Lentic -lake, pond or swamp.

Ecology Study of the distribution and abundance of organisms, the flows of energy and materials between abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems. Ecosystem Structure: The living components of an ecosystem

The roles of organisms in an ecosystem: Producer (autotrophy): make food; plants, algae

Role of Organisms

Scavengers feed on dead organisms (vultures, flies, crows, lobsters) Detritus feeders organisms that extract nutrients from fragments of dead organisms into more simple organic waste (termites, earthworms, crabs) Decomposers organisms that digest parts of the dead organisms into simplest chemicals (bacteria, fungi)

Fig. Role of organisms

FOREST ECOSYSTEM (TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM)

Introduction

Aforestis an area with a high density of trees. Worlds total land area is 13,076 million hectares - (Source: FAO; 1989) Of which total forests account for about 31% of the worlds land area.

Structure and Function of Forest Ecosystem

I. Biotic components
The various biotic components, representatives from the three functional groups, of a forest ecosystem are:

1) Producer Organisms

In a forest, the producers are mainly trees. Trees are of different kinds depending upon the type of forest developed in that climate. Apart from trees, climbers, epiphytes, shrubs and ground vegetation.

b)

Secondary Consumers

These are carnivores and feed on primary consumers. Eg: Birds, Lizards, Frogs, Snakes and Foxes.

c)

Tertiary Consumers

These are secondary carnivores and feed on secondary consumers

These include top carnivores like Lion, Tiger.

3) Decomposers

These include wide variety of saprotrophic micro- organism like;

Bacteria (Bacillus Sp., Clostridium sp., pseudomonas.

II. Abiotic components

These include basic inorganic & organic compounds present in the soil & atmosphere. In addition dead organic debris is also found littered in forests.

Fig. Forest Ecosystem

GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM (TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM)

Introduction

Grasslands (also called Greenswards) are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses and other herbaceous (non-woody) plants. Grasslands occupy about 24% of the earths surface. Grasslands occur in regions too dry for forests and too moist for deserts The annual rainfall ranges between 25- 75 cm, Usually seasonal The principal grasslands include:

Prairies (Canada, USA),Pampas (South America),Steppes (Europe & Asia)

I.

Structure and functions of Grassland Ecosystems Biotic components In grassland, producers are mainly grasses; though, a few herbs & shrubs also contribute to primary production of biomass. Some of the most common species of grasses are:

1) Producer Organisms
.

Brachiaria sp., Cynodon sp., Desmodium sp., Digitaria sp.

2) Consumers

3) Decomposers

These include wide variety of saprotrophic micro- organism like: Bacteria; Fungi; Actinomycetes They attract the dead or decayed bodies of organisms & thus decomposition takes place.

Fig. Grassland Ecosystem

Therefore, nutrients are released for reuse by producers. These include basic inorganic & organic compounds present in the soil

II. Abiotic components

DESERT ECOSYSTEM
Introduction

Adesertis alandscape or region that receives almost no precipitation. Deserts are defined as areas with an average annual precipitation of less than 250millimeters per year.
Fig Forest Ecosystem

It occupies about 17% of the earths surface. Deserts are characterized by scanty flora & fauna. Soils of deserts often have abundant

I. Biotic components

Structure and Functions of Desert Ecosystems

1) Producer Organisms In a desert, producers are mainly shrubs/bushes; some grasses & a few trees. Dominant plant species include: Succulents (water retainingplantsadapted toaridclimate orsoilconditions) & hardy grasses. Besides some lower plants such as

AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
Introduction

Aquatic ecosystems deal with biotic community present in water bodies. In terrestrial ecosystem, carbon dioxide & oxygen are present in gaseous form whereas in aquatic ecosystem, these are available in dissolved state. Depending upon the quality and nature of water, the aquatic ecosystem are categorized into:

Freshwater Ecosystem and

Lakes & pond Ecosystem

A pond is a place where living organisms not only live but interact with biotic & abiotic components. Ponds are often exposed to tremendous anthropogenic pressure which significantly affects the system. Lakes are usually big standing freshwater bodies. They have a shallow water zone called Littoral zone; an open water zone where effective penetration of solar

I. Biotic components 1)

Producer Organisms

It includes submerged, free floating and amphibious macrophytes (like; Hydrilla, Utricularia, Wolfia, Azolla, Typha etc.) and minute floating and suspended lower phytoplanktons (like; Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Oedogonium etc.)

2)

Consumer Organisms

a) Primary consumers:These are zooplanktons (ciliates, flagellates, other protozoan, small crustaceans) and benthos. b) Secondary consumers: These are carnivores like insects and fishes feeding on herbivores c) Tertiary consumers: These are the large fishes feeding on small fishes.

3) Decomposers Micro organisms like bacteria, fungi and

actinomyctes.

Marine or Ocean Ecosystem

Marine ecosystemsare among the Earth'saquatic ecosystems. They include:Oceans, EstuariesandLagoons,Mangroves andCoral reefs, theDeep seaand theSea floor. These ecosystems are different from freshwater ecosystem mainly because of its salty water. The salt concentration in an open sea
Fig. Ocean Ecosystem

I. Biotic components

1) Producers

It includes phytoplanktons (diatoms, dinoflagillates), large seaweeds (mainly algae like chlorophyceae, phaeophyceae & rhodophyceae; angiosperms like Ruppia, Zostera, posidonia ), and mangrove vegetation (like Rhizophora, Carapa etc.)

2)

Consumers

a) Primary consumers: These are herbivores and feed

directly on producers (Crustaceans, Mollusks, fish etc.) b) Secondary consumers: These are carnivorous fishes (Herring, Sahd and Mackerel) c) Tertiary consumers: These are top carnivorous fishes (Cod, Haddock, etc.)

3)

Decomposers These are micro organisms like bacteria, fungi

ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM

v

All organis ms

FOOD CHAIN

A food chain may be defined as, the transfer of energy and nutrients through a series of organisms with repeated process of eating and being eaten. In an ecosystem, all the organisms are linked together with one another by food relationship. Each organism living or dead is potential food for some other organism.
Fig. Food Chain

FOOD WEB

Under natural conditions, the linear arrangement of food chains hardly occurs & these remains connected interconnected with each other through different types of organisms. Interlocking pattern of several interlinked food chains is termed as FOOD WEB.

Fig. Food web in grassland ecosystem

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS

AnEcological pyramidis a graphical representation that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each tropic level in a food chain or food web. An ecological pyramid shows the relationship between consumers and producers at different tropic levels in an ecosystem There are three ecological pyramids recognized by ecologists:

Pyramid of Numbers Shows the relative number of individual organisms at each tropic level.

Pyramid of Biomass: A pyramid of biomass represents the total dry mass (in grams per square meter of area) of all the organisms in each tropic level at a particular time.

Pyramid of Energy A pyramid of biomass represents the rate of energy flow and/or productivity at successive tropic levels. The pyramids of energy are always upright.

NUTRIENT CYCLES

Nutrient cycles involve storage and transfer of nutrients through different components of the ecosystem, so that the nutrients are repeadly used. The cyclic movements of chemical elements of the biosphere between the organisms and environment are referred as BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Gaseous cycle: Those elements in which the reservoir is the air or the oceans (via evaporation). Gaseous cycles include those of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, and Water. Sedimentary cycle: Those elements which are received from the Earths crust. Sedimentary cycles include those of iron, calcium, phosphorus, and other more earth bound elements.

1.NITROGEN CYCLE
Nitrogen is crucial for all organisms

Nucleic acids,Proteins,Chlorophyll

1) Nitrogen Fixation

Conversion of N2 NH3 Combustion, volcanic action, Lightning, Industrial processes (making fertilizer). Bacteria

Atmospheric Nitrogen Nitrogen fixation by free living & symbiotic microbes.

Wet & dry deposition Denitrification Pseudomonas

Consumers

Plants

Detritus

Litter fall

Ammonification Heterotrophs Nitrification Nitrosomonas Soil nitrite Nitrobacter

Uptake

Soil nitrate

Fig. Nitrogen Cycle

2.CARBON CYCLE

Carbon enters plants, etc., as CO2

Bacteria process carbon in a fashion that allows it to be recycled. Obtain energy from the molecules, and convert carbohydrates to carbon dioxide as a result of respiration.

Photosynthesis removes carbon from the abiotic environment (fixes carbon into organic molecules) Carbon moves through food chain through consumption of one organisms

RESPIRATION

AIR

CO2

PLANTS

DEATH

FOOD

WOOD

FOSSIL FUEL

RESPIRATION

ANIMAL

BURNING COMBUSTION

Fig. Carbon Cycle The source of atmospheric carbon dioxide is variable but only plants can utilize

3. PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE

The only cycle that does not have a gaseous state Inorganic phosphate PO43- is released from rocks and sediments through the action of erosion. Soil PO43- is absorbed by plants and incorporated into nucleic acids, phospholipids and ATP. Animals obtain most of their PO43- by consumption of other animals and from water.

Parental Rock

Soluble PO43- in soil. (orthophosphates)

Bacteria

Insoluble phosphate

Plants (Roots)
Animals
Death Death

Bacterial

Bone/ Teeth

Decomposition

Decomposition

Fig. Phosphorus

ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
Ecological succession is defined as, A change in the community in which new populations of organisms gradually replace existing ones. There are two types of ecological succession: 1) Primary Succession

Occurs where there is no soil, e.g. after a volcanic eruption or a glacial retreat.

2)

Secondary Succession Community development in the areas that were previously occupied by a other community. Occurs after a disturbance. E.g., loss of trees after disease, Fire or wind, deforestation etc. Conditions are favorable for as soil and nutrients are already present. More rapid than primary succession. Primary Succession Vs Secondary Primary

Succession

Secondary

No soil. Pioneer species. Weathering & decomposition Humus and sand increase over time. End = Climax community.

Soil already exists. Seeds have suitable soil conditions. Occurs much faster. Climax community.

Biodiversity
Global biological diversity is decreasing, due to direct and indirect human activity: hunting, loss of natural habitat (deforestation, desertification), etc.

The continuous decrease in animal and plant populations results in a loss of genetic diversity

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Levels of Biodiversity 1) Genetic diversity

It is a level ofbiodiversitythat refers to the total number ofgeneticcharacteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. It is distinguished fromgenetic variability, which describes the tendency of genetic characteristics to vary. It refers to the variety of species within
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2) Species diversity

Values of Biodiversity

Food: About 80,000 edible plants and about 90% of present day food crops have been domesticated from wild. Fuel: Forests have been used since ages for fuel wood. Fossil fuels are also products of Biodiversity. Social Value: Many of the plants like Tulsi, Lotus, Peepal etc are considered holy and sacred. About 2.1 million species have been 5/22/12 identified till date, while many more

THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY

Extinction is a natural event and, from a geological perspective, routine. In last century, human impact has been so severe that thousands of species and varieties are becoming extinct annually. Some of the main causes are: Habitat loss, degradation, fragmentation. The main causes of habitat are agriculture activities, Mining, development of human settlement, industry etc.

POACHING OF WILDLIFE

Poaching is another threat that has emerged in recent decades as one of the primary reason for decline in number of species. Wildlife is sold and traded in many countries for live specimens, folk medicines, furs, Skin, and other products such as Ivory, horns etc 5/22/12 amounting to millions of dollars.

MAN WILDLIFE CONFLICTS

The conflict between man and wildlife started with the evolution of man, but intensity increased due to the activities of modern man Due to the lack of stable food and disruption of movement, wild animals came out of forest area and attack the agricultural field and humans and 5/22/12 in turn got killed by the humans.

ENDANGERED SPECIES

Out of about 47,000 species of plants in our country, 7000 are endemic India contains 172 species of animals considered globally threatened by IUCN, or 2.9% of the worlds total number of threatened species. These include 53 species of mammals, 69 birds, 23 reptiles and 3 amphibians As many as 3,000- 4,000 higher 5/22/12 plants may be under high degree of

CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY Conservation is defined as the management of human use of the biosphere so that it may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to the present generation while maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of the future generations. The two basic approaches to wildlife conservation in protected habitats are: 1) In- situ conservation 2) Exsitu conservation. 5/22/12

Unit II ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Definition causes, effects and control measures of: (a) Air pollution (b) Water pollution (c) Soil pollution (d) Marine pollution (e) Noise pollution (f) Thermal pollution 5/22/12

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
The unfavorable alteration of our surroundings
Eg) Industry, automobiles, thermal power plants, farming, nuclear reactors.

TYPES OF POLLUTANTS:

Bio degradable pollutants( decomposable ) Non-degradable pollutants(Non decomposable)

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Classification of pollution
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII.

Air pollution Water pollution Soil pollution Marine pollution Noise pollution Thermal pollution and Nuclear hazards.

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Air Pollution

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Air Pollution
The presence of one or more contaminants like dust, smoke,mist and odor in the atmosphere which are injurious to human beings, plants and animals,

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Sources of Air Pollution

Natural: forest fires, pollen, dust storm

Unnatural: man-made; coal, wood and other fuels used in cars, homes, and factories for energy

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Air Pollutant Types

Although some types of air pollution are recent creations, others, such as London's infamous smoke pollution, have been around for centuries. One of the most tragic air pollution episodes ever occurred in London in December 1952 when more than four- thousand people died. Air pollutants are airborne particles and gasses that occur in concentrations that endanger the heath and well-being of organisms or disrupt the orderly functioning of the environment. Pollutants can be grouped into two categories:

(1) primary pollutants, which are emitted directly 5/22/12 from identifiable sources, and

Primary Pollutants
The major primary pollutants include:

particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide, and lead.

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Secondary Pollutants

Atmospheric sulfuric acid is one example of a secondary pollutant. Air pollution in urban and industrial areas is often called smog. Photochemical smog, a noxious mixture of gases and particles, is produced when strong sunlight triggers photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. The major component of photochemical smog is ozone. Although considerable progress has been made in controlling air pollution, the quality of the air we breathe remains a serious public health problem. 5/22/12

MEASURMENT: Air Quality Index Indicates whether pollutant levels in air may cause health concerns. Ranges from 0 (least concern) to 500 (greatest concern)

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Air Quality Good

Air Quality Index 0-50

Protect Your Health

No health impacts are expected when air quality is in this range.

Unusually sensitive people should consider limiting prolonged outdoor exertion. Active children and adults, and people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor exertion. Active children and adults, and people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor exertion, everyone else, especially children should limit prolonged outdoor excertion. Active children and adults, and people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor exertion everyone else, especially children, should limit outdoor

Moderate

51-100

Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups

101-150

Unhealthy

151-200

Very Unhealthy (Alert)

201-300

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exertion.

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Major 5 utants: Poll Carbon 1..) noxide Mo ioxide Sulfur D 2.) itrogen 3.) N Dioxide ticulate 4.) Par Matter Level Ground 5.)

Carbon Monoxide colorless, odorless produced when carbon does not burn in fossil fuels present in car exhaust deprives body of O2 causing headaches, fatigue, and impaired vision

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Sulphur Dioxide produced when coal and fuel oil are burned present in power plant exhaust narrows the airway, causing wheezing and shortness of breath, especially in those with asthma

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Nitrogen Dioxide reddish, brown gas produced when nitric oxide combines with oxygen in the atmosphere present in car exhaust and power plants affects lungs and causes wheezing; increases chance of respiratory infection
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Particulate Matter particles of different sizes and structures that are released into the atmosphere present in many sources including fossil fuels, dust, smoke, fog, etc. can build up in respiratory system aggravates heart and lung disease; increases risk of respiratory infection

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Ground Level Ozone At upper level, ozone shields Earth from suns harmful UV rays At ground level, ozone is harmful pollutants Formed from car, power and chemical plant exhaust Irritate respiratory system and asthma; reduces lung function by inflaming and damaging lining of lungs

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Outdoor Air Pollution

Smog

-Smog is a type of large-scale outdoor pollution. It is caused by chemical reactions between pollutants derived from different sources.
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Acid rains

-Its caused when a pollutant combines with droplets of water in the air. -The effects of acid rain on the environment can be very serious.

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Greenhouse effect

-It generally comes from the build up of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is produced when fuels are burned. -In this type of pollution sun rays go into the atmosphere and they are trapped by greenhouse-gasses. So the temperature on 5/22/12 the earth raise.

Hole in the ozone layer

-It's another result of pollution. Chemicals released by our activities affect the stratosphere. -Releases of CFC from heating, aerosol cans, refrigerator equipment 5/22/12

Indoor air pollution

Its more dangerous than the outdoor pollution, because we do everything in enclosed environments where air circulation may be restricted. There are many sources of indoor air pollution: tobacco 5/22/12

Health effects
-Some individuals are much more sensitive to pollutants than are others. -Air pollution can affect our health in many ways with both short-term and long-term effects.

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Prevention
-Air pollution prevention efforts of companies have generally focused on waste reduction, reuse and recycling. -So to solve these problems and to get over them we can change our lifestyles. -If we do these simple things we could have a better world and we could live in a better way. =)
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Plant more trees

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Water Pollution
The alteration in physical,

chemical and biological characteristics of water which may cause harmful effects on humans and aquatic life.

e.g.) Sewage, industrial 5/22/12 chemicals and effluents, oil,

Types and Sources of Water Pollution

Point sources Nonpoint sources Biological oxygen demand Water quality

Water Quality
Good Slightly polluted

Do (ppm) at 20C

8-9 6.7-8 4.5-6.7 Below 4.5 Below 4

Pg. 535

Moderately polluted Heavily polluted Gravely polluted

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Point and Nonpoint Sources

NONPOINT SOURCES Rural homes

Urban streets

Cropland Animal feedlot Suburban development Wastewater treatment plant POINT SOURCES

Factory

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Water pollution

Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa, Parasitic worms Oxygen demanding substances Inorganic plant nutrients Organic chemicals

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Biological Magnification

Water 0.000002 ppm Herring gull 124 ppm Phytoplankton 0.0025 ppm

Herring gull eggs 124 ppm

Zooplankton 0.123 ppm

Lake trout 4.83 ppm

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Pollution of Streams
Oxygen sag curve

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Fig. 20-5

Pollution of Lakes

Eutrophicati on

Discharge of untreated municipal sewage (nitrates and phosphates)

Nitrogen compounds produced by cars and factories

Discharge of detergents ( phosphates)

Natural runoff (nitrates and phosphates Manure runoff From feedlots (nitrates and Phosphates, ammonia)

Discharge of treated municipal sewage (primary and secondary treatment: nitrates and phosphates)

Lake ecosystem nutrient overload and breakdown of chemical cycling Dissolving of nitrogen oxides (from internal combustion engines and furnaces)

Runoff from streets, lawns, and construction lots (nitrates and phosphates)

Runoff and erosion (from from cultivation, mining, construction, and poor land use)

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Fig .22.7, p. 499

Solutions to better water quality

Drainage Area Management Plans Agriculture plots 1987 Water Quality Act

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Leakin g tank

Aqu ife r Bed rock Wate r table Groundwate r Free flow gasoline Gasoline dissolves in leakage groundwater Migrating plume vapor (liquid phase) (dissolved phase) phase Contaminant plume 5/22/12 moves

Water well

Groundwater Pollution: Causes

Hazardous waste injection well Coal strip mine runoff Pesticides De-icing road salt Pumping well Waste lagoon Gasoline station Water pumping well Landfill Buried gasoline and solvent tank Cesspool septic tank Sewer Leakage from faulty casing Discharge Confined aquifer Groundwater flow

Accidental spills

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ifer aqu r ate hw ifer es d fr aqu r fine ate con hw Un fres ned nfi Co

Fig. 20-11

Groundwater Pollution Prevention

Monitoring aquifers Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal Storing hazardous materials above ground

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Industry Nitrogen oxides from autos and smokestacks, toxic chemicals, and heavy metals in effluents flow into bays and estuaries.

Cities Toxic metals and oil from streets and parking lots pollute waters;

Urban sprawl Bacteria and viruses from sewers and septic tanks contaminate shellfish beds

Construction sites Sediments are washed into waterways, choking fish and plants, clouding waters, and blocking sunlight. Farms Runoff of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers adds toxins and excess nitrogen and phosphorus. Red tides Excess nitrogen causes explosive growth of toxicmicroscopic algae, poisoning fish and marine mammals.

Close d beach

Closed shellfish beds Oxygendepleted zone

Toxic sediments Chemicals and toxic metals contaminate shellfish beds, kill spawning fish, and accumulate in the tissues of bottom feeders.

Fig. 20-15 5/22/12

Oxygen-depleted zone Sedimentation and algae overgrowth reduce sunlight, kill beneficial sea grasses, use up oxygen, and degrade

Healthy zone Clear, oxygen-rich waters promote growth of plankton and sea grasses, Fig. 21-10, p.

Reducing Water Pollution through Sewage Treatment

Primary and Secondary sewage 5/22/12 treatment.

Figure 20-19

Technological Approach: Using Wetlands to Treat Sewage

(

Sewage Wetland type plants Wetland type plants

Treated water

First concrete pool

45 centimeter layer of limestone gravel coated with decomposing bacteria

Second concrete pool

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Global Outlook: Stream Pollution in Developing Countries

Water in many of central China's rivers are greenish black from uncontrolled pollution by thousands of factories.

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Case Study: Indias Ganges River: Religion, Poverty, and Health

Religious beliefs, cultural traditions, poverty, and a large population interact to cause severe pollution of the Ganges River in India.

Very little of the sewage is treated. Hindu believe in cremating the dead to free the soul and throwing the ashes in the holy Ganges.

Some are too poor to afford the wood to fully 5/22/12 cremate.

Case Study: Indias Ganges River: Religion, Poverty, and Health

Daily, more than 1 million Hindus in India bathe, drink from, or carry out religious ceremonies in the highly polluted Ganges River.

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What Can You Do? Water Pollution Fertilize garden and yard plants with manure or compost instead of commercial inorganic fertilizer. Minimize your use of pesticides. Do not apply fertilizer or pesticides near a body of water. Grow or buy organic foods. Do not drink bottled water unless tests show that your tap water is contaminated. Merely refill and reuse plastic bottles with tap water. Compost your food wastes. Do not use water fresheners in toilets. Do not flush unwanted medicines down the toilet. Do not pour pesticides, paints, solvents, oil, antifreeze, or other products containing harmful 5/22/12 chemicals down the drain or onto the ground.

SOIL POLLUTION

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SOIL POLLUTION
Contamination of soil by human and natural activities which cause harmful effects on living beings

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Sources of soil pollution

Industrial wastes Urban wastes Agricultural wastes Radioactive pollutants Biological agents

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Industrial wastes
Paper mills Chemical industries Tanneries Textiles Oil refineries Fertilizers Pesticides Coal & mineral mining industries & 5/22/12on so

Effects

Alters the biological properties of soil Disturbs human food chain Serious effects on human life

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Urban wastes
Sources Plastics Glasses Garbage and rubbish materials Rubber Street sweepings Fuel residues Discarded manufactured products Effects Non degradable harm the environment
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Agricultural practices
Sources
Modern agricultural methods Use of fertilizers Pesticides Herbicide Weedicides Farm waste Debris Eroded soil containing inorganic 5/22/12 chemicals

Radioactive pollution
Sources
Explosions of nuclear dusts Radioactive wastes Effects accumulates thereby creates soil pollution

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Typical examples of radioactive pollution

Radio nuclides of Th, U, K,C Explosion of nuclear weapons Nuclear reactor wastes like Ru, I, Ba,La Cs etc., Effects Rain water carries the harmful wastes into the soil Nuclear wastes emits gamma 5/22/12

Biological Agents

Source

Human excreta Animal excreta Birds excreta

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CHARACTERISTICS OF UNTREATED WASTES OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

S.NO INDUSTRY 1 2 3 4 5 PAPER RUBBER OIL CHARACTERISTICS ORGANIC INDUSTRY SUSPENDED SOLIDS,BOD,COD,HIGH TEMPERATURE CHLORIDES, HIGH BOD ACIDS,ALKALIS,PHENOLS

ANTIBIOTIC TOXIC CHEMICALS S DRUG SUSPENDED ORGANIC MATTER INCLUDING VITAMINS

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S.NO INDUSTRY
6 7 DISTILLERY CHEMICAL

CHARACTERISTICS
HIGH COD, LOW pH,N,K TOXIC COMPOUNDS,PHENOLS

INORGANIC INDUSTRY 1 2 THERMAL POWER PLANT STEEL MILLS HEAVY METALS, INORGANIC COMPUNDS ACIDS,PHENOLS,ALKALI,CYANIDES, IRON SALTS,ORES SODIUM,ORGANIC MATTER,COLOUR,HIGH PH METALLICS,TOXIC CYANIDES,Cd,Cr,Zn,Cu,Al AND LOW PH Ca, Cr, HIGH SALT CONTENT

3 4

COTTON INDUSTRY METAL PLATING

TANNERIES

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CONTROL OF SOIL POLLUTION

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1.

CONTROL OF SOIL EROSION

TREE PLANTING VARYING CROPPING METHODS SUBSTITUTING ANIMAL MANURES INSTEAD OF CHEMICAL MANURE

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2. CONTROL OF UNWANTED MATERIALS PROPER DUMPING OF UNWANTED WASTES CONSTRUCTIONS CAN BE CARRIED OVER DUMPED FIELD

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OTHER METHODS TO CONTROL SOIL POLLUTION

PRODUCTION OF NATURAL FERTILIZERS PROPER HYGIENIC CONDITION PUBLIC AWARENESS RECYCLING & REUSE OF WASTES BAN ON TOXIC CHEMICALS

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arine M llution Po

DEFINITION:
5/22/12

The discharge of waste substances

Sources of marine pollution:

1)

DUMPIG THE WASTES: Many marine birds ingest plastic that causes gastrointestinal disorders.

2)

OIL POLLUTION OF MARINE WATER:

The surface of water in contact with the shore is usually contaminated with oil, which 5/22/12 interferes with the normal

Effects of Marine pollution

1.

Oil pollution cause damage to marine fauna and flora including algae, fish, birds, invertebrates. Oil spilling in sea water causes abnormally low body temperature in birds resulting in hypothermia.

2.

3.

Hydrocarbons and benzpyrene accumulate in food chain and consumption of fish by man may 5/22/12 cause cancer.

Control measures of marine pollution

Skimming the oil off the surface with a suction device to remove oil in ocean. The floating oil can be absorbed using absorbing material like polyurethane form. Municipal and industrial wastes should be treated before allowed to join in the sea.
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Recreational beaches should be

Noise pollution

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Noise Pollution
What is noise? In simple terms, noise is unwanted sound. Sound is a form of energy which is emitted by a vibrating body and on reaching the ear causes noise problem of A the sensation generally consists of hearing through nerves. three inter-related elements-.

Loudness of sound => The level of sound. - measuring unit: decibel

written as dB

louder is the sound. - Can be measured with a decibel meter . 5/22/12

- The higher the decibel, the

- The following photos show two

different kinds of decibel meters:

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Sound level and humans perception

percepti on sound level (dB) examp le

100 80
very quiet et sound 5/22/12

qui

60 30 10

the lowest sound level that can be

soft whisper (25 breathing sound (10 dB) dB)

Sound level and humans perception

percepti on sound level (dB) examp le

acceptable qui et
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100 80 60 30 10

normal conversation (60 soft raining (50 dB) soft conversation

dB) in libraries (30 dB)

Sound level and humans perception

percepti on sound level (dB) examp le

anno ying noisy acceptable qui et

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100 80 60 30 10

alarm clock (80 busy traffic (70 dB) dB)

Sound level and humans perception

percepti on
very noisy damage our ears

sound level (dB)

examp le

anno ying noisy

acceptable qui et
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100 80 60 30 10

crying baby (100 dB) passing train (90 dB)

Sound level and humans perception

percepti on
very noisy damage our ears

sound level (dB)

examp le road drilling disco (110 (120 dB) dB)

anno ying noisy

acceptable qui et
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100 80 60 30 10

Sound level and humans perception

percepti on
very noisy damage our ears

anno ying noisy

sound examp level le (dB) rocket taking off jet plane taking (190 dB) off (130 dB)

acceptable qui et
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100 80 60 30 10

Effects of noise pollution

- causes mental stress - increases the heartbeat

rate and blood pressure - disturbs our sleep - makes us difficult to

concentrate, so accidents happen more - annoying, makes easily us become bad tempered more often 5/22/12

- Hearing sound level at 80 dB for a long time, => may cause temporary or permanent damage to level at 130 dB Hearing soundour ears.

makes ourbecause the eardrum => ears feel pain, vibrates too vigorously. - When sound level reaches 150 dB, => causes damage to the eardrum or ear 5/22/12 bones,

Noise control

- HKSAR government has taken some

measures to control noise:
-

It is an offence to make loud noise between 11 p.m. and 6 a.m.

Residential areas close to the highways are protected by noise barriers.

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Thermal Pollution

ADDITION OF EXCESS OF UNDESIRABLE HEAT TO WATER THAT MAKES IT HARMFUL TO MAN, ANIMAL OR AQUATIC LIFE

e.g.) Nuclear power plants, industrial effluents, Domestic sewage and Hydroelectric power.
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5/22/12

CAUSES
DISCHARGE OF HEATED WATER OR HOT WASTE MATERIAL INTO WATER BODIES FROM NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS DOMESTIC SEWAGE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COAL FIRED POWER PLANTS
5/22/12

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Nuclear power plants use water as a cooling agent.

After the water is used, it is put back into a water supply at 9-20oC

Emissions from nuclear reactor increase the temperature of water bodies.

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Coal-fired power plants

Coal is utilized as a fuel Condenser coils are cooled with water from nearby lake or river The heated effluents decrease the DO of water Damages the marine organisms

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Industrial Effluents

Discharged water from steam-electric power industry generators will have a higher

using turbo temperature

ranging from 6 to 9C than the receiving water In modern stations, producing 100 MW, nearly one million gallons are discharged in an hour with increase in temperature of the cooling water passing by 8 to 10 C
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Domestic sewage
Sewage is commonly discharged into lakes,

canals or streams Municipal sewage normally has a higher

temperature than the receiving water Increase in temperature of the receiving

water decreases the DO of water. The foul smelling gases increased in 5/22/12 water

Generation of hydroelectric power sometimes results in

Hydro electric power generation

negative thermal loading in water systems Creates less heat on water sources less than nuclear

power plant

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5/22/12

CONTROL MEASURES

Cooling towers Cooling ponds Spray ponds Artificial lakes

5/22/12

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

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Classification of Wastes according to their Properties

Bio-degradable
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)

Non-biodegradable
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines,
5/22/12cans,

styrofoam containers and others)

Waste- Definition & Classification

Any material which is not needed

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Classification of Wastes

Solid waste- vegetable waste, kitchen waste, household waste etc. E-waste- discarded electronic devices like computer, TV, music systems etc. Liquid waste- water used for different industries eg tanneries, distillaries, thermal power plants Plastic waste- plastic bags, bottles, buckets etc. Metal waste- unused metal sheet, metal scraps 5/22/12 etc.

Solid Waste in India

7.2 million tonnes of hazardous waste One Sq km of additional landfill area everyyear Rs 1600 crore for treatment & disposal of these wastes

In addition to this industries discharge about 150 million tonnes of high volume low hazard waste every year, which is mostly dumped on open low lying land areas. 5/22/12

Growth of Solid Waste In India

Waste is growing by leaps & bounds In 1981-91, population of Mumbai increased from 8.2 million to 12.3 million During the same period, municipal solid waste has grown from 3200 tonnes to 5355 tonne, an increase of 67% Waste collection is very low for all Indian cities City like Bangalore produces 2000 tonnes of waste per annum, the ever increasing waste 5/22/12 put pressure on hygienic condition of the has

Major Polluting Industries in India

Around 2500 tanneries discharge 24 million cu m of waste water containing high level of dissolved solids and 4,00,000 tonnes of hazardous solid waste 300 distilleries discharge 26 million kilo-litres of spend wash per year containing several pollutants
5/22/12

Managing Waste
Recycling: Processing of a waste item into usable forms. Benefits of recycling: -Reduce environmental degradation -Making money out of waste -Save energy that would have gone into waste handling & product manufacture Saving through recycling: -When Al is resmelted- considerable saving in cost -Making paper from waste saves 50% energy 5/22/12

REASONS FOR IMPROPER MANAGEMENT OF WASTE

Lack of planning for waste management while planning townships

Lack of proper institutional set up for waste management, planning and designing in urban local bodies

Lack of technically trained manpower Lack of community involvement

Lack of expertise and exposure to city waste management using modern techniques / best practices

Lack of awareness creation mechanism Lack of Management Information Systems Lack of funds with ULBs

Indifferent attitude of ULBs to levy user charges 5/22/12 and sustainability

RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE MANAGEMENT

1. Possible Waste Management Options : (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) is a Waste Minimisation Material Recycling Waste Processing (Resource Recovery) Waste Transformation Sanitary Landfilling Limited land availability constraint in Metro cities.

2. Processing / Treatment should be : (i) Technically sound (ii)Financially viable (iii) Eco-friendly / Environmental friendly (iv) Easy to operate & maintain by local community 5/22/12 (v)Long term sustainability

WEALTH FROM WASTE (PROCESSING OF ORGANIC WASTE) (A) WASTE TO COMPOST (i) AEROBIC / ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING (ii) VERMI-COMPOSTING (B) WASTE TO ENERGY (i) REFUSE DERIVED FUEL (RDF) / PELLETIZATION (ii) BIO-METHANATION

RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE PROCESSING & DISPOSAL

II III IV
5/22/12

RECYCLING OF WASTE SANITARY LANDFILLING TREATMENT OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE SEPARATELY

Problems in Dealing With Solid Waste

Education & voluntary compliance Collection of waste Technological interventions Institutions & regulatory framework Absence of mandatory standards for waste reduction

5/22/12

TERI Projections on Waste Generation In India

5/22/12

DISASTER MANAGEMENT:

A disaster is the realization of the hazard.

Types of Disaster:

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Natural Disaster Cyclones, Floods,

IMPORTANT DISASTER

Floods Cyclones Landslides Earthquakes Tsunami

5/22/12

Earthquak e

An earthquake is a sudden vibration caused on the earths surface due to the sudden release of tremendous amount of energy stored in the rocks 5/22/12 under the earths crust.

Earthquake measures
Earthquakes strike suddenly, without warning Earthquakes can occur at any time of the year, at any time of the day or night On a year basis, 70 to 75 powerful earthquakes occur throughout the world An earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the Earth caused by the movement of huge plates that form the surface of the Earth Sometimes the plate movement is gradual Click to edit Master subtitle style At other times, the plates are located together, unable to release the accumulating energy The plates break free causing the ground to shake.

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The point of disturbance below the surface of the Earth is called, FOCUS

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The point directly above the FOCUS on the surface of the Earth is called, 5/22/12 EPICENTRE

The vibrations are called SEISMIC WAVES

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The recordings of the SEISMOGRAPH are converted into the actual intensity of the
5/22/12

Landslides

Click to edit Master subtitle style

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LANDSLIDES
The movement of earthy materials like coherent rock, mud, soil and debris from higher region to lower region due to gravitational pull is called landslides.

5/22/12

Causes of Landslide

Down hill movement of earth due to rain. Earthquakes and cyclone create landslides. Erosion in hilly region and run-off water in rainy period Underground caves and mining lead to subsidence.
5/22/12

Important types of mass wasting Slide downslope movement of coherent

block of earth material

Slump is sliding along a curved slip plane producing slump blocks Fall rocks fall from vertical face Flow Downslope movement of unconsolidated material in which particles move about and mix within the mass Subsidence is the sinking of of a mass of earth material below the level of surrounding material

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Slump (a type of slide)

Indicators:

Scarp Hummocky terrain on and below (earthflow)

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Slump

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Debris Flow

Debris flows are the down slope flow of relatively coarse material. Movement may be very slow or very fast, depending on topographic conditions Mudflows, debris avalanches, and debris flows

5/22/12

Rockslide

Rock moves because theres nothing holding it back! Generally requires a pre-existing low-friction surface. like a clay layer, once its wet...

5/22/12

Rockslide

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Earthflow

basically a very viscous (thick) debris flow slow-moving -faster in wetter weather

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Creep

very slow result of freezing and thawing

5/22/12

Creep

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from D. Schwert,

Landslide Management

Unloading the parts of the slope. Improving the cultivation in the sloppy region. Developing benches on the slope region. Concrete support can be made at the base of slope Soil stabilization using some chemical (quick lime)
5/22/12

Tsunamis

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What is a tsunami ?

A tsunami is a very long ocean wave generated by sudden displacement of the sea floor or of the oceanic mass

The displacement of an equivalent volume of water generates the 5/22/12

Terminology

The term tsunami is a Japanese word meaning harbour wave It was so named because the wave is harmless until it enters a harbour It is frequently called a tidal wave, but it has nothing to do with tides 5/22/12

Hazards and risks of tsunamis

Tsunamis can hit with little or no warning 4,000 people have been killed between 1990 and 2000 The most prone areas are those associated with earthquakes and volcanoes (mainly subduction zones) 5/22/12

5/22/12

Effects of tsunami drawdown

Release of dissolved gases (CH4, CO2, H2S) previously contained in shallow sediments Potential ignition of gases by their rapid expulsion
5/22/12 As a result, a wave of noxious and

Warning times
Every ~750 km of travel distance is equal to about 1 hour of warning time So, as discussed above, there is very little warning time for tsunami generated by local sources, compared to those from distant

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Warning systems

Mainly based on earthquake data Pacific-wide warnings: require at least 1 hour warning time More local networks require warning times less than 1 hourthis is difficult
5/22/12

1990-2000

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26 December 2004: million fatalities

5/22/12

Unit III NATURAL RESOURCES

Forest resources: Use and overexploitation, Deforestation case studies- timber extraction, mining, dams and their effects on forests and tribal people Water resources: Use and overutilization of surface and ground water, floods, drought, conflicts over water, dams benefits 5/22/12 and problems

Unit III NATURAL RESOURCES

Case studies Food resources: World food problems, changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing, effects of modern agriculture, fertilizerpesticide problems, water logging, salinity Case studies Energy resources: Growing energy needs, renewable and non renewable energy sources, use of alternate energy sources 5/22/12

NATURAL RESOURCES
Natural resources (economically referred to as land or raw materials) occur naturally within environments that exist relatively undisturbed by mankind, in a natural form.

5/22/12

FOREST RESOURCES
Commercial uses

Man depends heavily on a larger number of plant and animal products from forests for his daily needs. Indian forests also supply minor products like gums, resins, dyes, tannins, fibers, etc. Many of the plants are utilized in preparing medicines and drugs; Total 5/22/12 worth of which is estimated to be

forest classification

Tropical Rain Forests: They are characterized by high temperature, high humidity and high rainfall, all of which favor the growth of trees. Tropical deciduous forests: They characterized by a warm climate the year round. Rain occurs only during monsoon. Tropical scrub forests: They are 5/22/12 found in areas where the day season

Ecological uses of forest

Production of Oxygen: The main green house gas carbon dioxide is absorbed by the forests as a raw material for photo synthesis. Wild life habitat: About 7 million species are found in the tropical forests alone. Regulation of hydrological Cycle: Forested watersheds act like giant 5/22/12 sponges, absorbing the rainfall,

Over Exploitation of Forests

Man depends heavily on forests for food, medicine, shelter, wood and fuel. Our forests contribute substantially to the national economy. The international timber trade alone is worth over US $ 40 billion per year.

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Deforestation

Deforestation means destruction of forests. Deforestation rate is relatively less in temperature countries, but it is very alarming in tropical countries. Deforestation is a continuous process in India where about 1.3 hectares of forest land has been lost. The presence of waste land is a sign of deforestation in India.
5/22/12

Causes of Deforestation

Develop ment Consequences of deforestation Effect on projects climate Shifting

a)

b) Effect on

TIMBER EXTRACTION

Logging for valuable timber such as teak and mahogany not only involves a few large trees per hectare but about a dozen more trees since they are strongly interlocked with each other by vines etc. Also road construction for making approach to the trees causes further damage to the forests. In India, firewood demand would continue to rise in future mostly consumed in rural areas, where alternative sources of energy, are yet to reach.
5/22/12

MINING

Mining is the process of removing deposits of ores from substantially very well below the ground level. Mining is carried out to remove several minerals including coal. These mineral deposits invariably found in the 5/22/12

Mining operation require removal of vegetation along with underlying soil mantle and overlying rock masses. This results in destruction of landscape in the area.

Effects of mining resources

Indiscriminate mining in Goa since 1961 has destroyed more than 50,000 ha of forest land. Mining of radioactive 5/22/12 mineral in Kerala, Tamil

WATER RESOURCES
Water is an important component

of all living beings. Nearly 80% of earths surface is covered by water Uses of Water

Due to its unique properties, water is of multiple uses for all living organisms. Water is absolutely essential for life. 5/22/12

Hydrological cycle
1. Evaporation 2. Precipitation 3. Transpiration

5/22/12

Hydrological cycle
Precipitation Condensed water vapor that falls to the Earth's surface .Most precipitation occurs as rain, but also includes snow, hail, fog, drip and sleet Condensation The transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air, creating clouds and fog Transpiration The release of water vapor from plants
5/22/12

Effects of over exploitation of water

Subsidence: When ground water withdrawal is more than its recharge rate, the sediments in the aquifer (a layer of rock that is highly permeable and contains water) get compacted, a phenomenon knows as ground subsidence. Lowering of water table: Mining of groundwater is done extensively for irrigating crop fields. However, 5/22/12

FLOODS AND DROUGHT

Heavy rainfall often causes floods in the low-lying coastal areas. Prolonged downpour can also cause the over-flowing of lakes and rivers resulting into floods. When annual rainfall is below normal and less than evaporation, drought conditions are created.

5/22/12

Fig.

Deforestation, overgrazing, mining, rapid industrialization, global warming etc., have contributed largely to a sharp rise in the incidence of floods. Deforestation leads to desertification and drought too. When the trees are cut, the soil is subject to erosion by heavy rains, winds and sun. The removal of thin top layer of soil takes away the nutrients and the soil 5/22/12 becomes useless.

Causes of flood and drought

Preventive measures

Clear knowledge in control of drought and desertification can be very useful for dealing with the problem. Carefully selected mixed cropping helps to optimize production and minimize the risks of crop failures. Social forestry and Wasteland development can prove quite effective to fight the problem, 5/22/12

MINERAL RESOURCES
Minerals are naturally occurring substances with definite chemical and physical properties. Uses of minerals

Mineral is an element or inorganic compound that occurs naturally. The main uses of minerals are as follows:
5/22/12

Development of industrial plants and

Remedial measures

Adopting eco-friendly mining technology Utilization of low grade ores by using microbial leaching technique. In this method, the ores are inoculated with the desired strains of bacteria like Thiobacillus ferroxidans, which remove the impurities and leave the pure mineral. Re-vegetating mined areas with

5/22/12

FOOD RESOURCES
World Food Problems

During the last 50 years world grain production has increased almost three times. The per capita production is increased by about 50%. At the same time population growth increased at such a rate in less developed countries. Every 40 million people die of 5/22/12 undernourishment and

Overgrazing

Impacts of overgrazing and agriculture

Overgrazing can limit livestock production. Over grazing occurs when too many animals graze for too long and exceed the carrying capacity of a grass land area. Impact of overgrazing

Land degradation: Overgrazing removes the grass cover. The humus content of the soil is decreased and it leads to poor, 5/22/12

Agriculture

Traditional Agriculture and its impacts Usually involves a small plot Simple tools Naturally available water Organic fertilizer and a mix of crops

Main impacts 5/22/12

Fertilizer related problems

Micronutrient imbalance: Chemical fertilizers have nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P and K) which are essential macronutrients. Excessive use of fertilizers cause micronutrient imbalance.
5/22/12

Fig. Blue baby syndrome

ENERGY RESOURCES
Definition Energy may be defined as, any property, which can be converted into work. (or) Energy is defined as, the capacity to do work.

5/22/12

Development of energy

The first form of energy is the fire. The early man discovered fire and used it for cooking and heating purposes Wood is the main source of energy, which is later replaced by coal. Coal is now being replaced by the oil and gas. Now due to insufficient availability and price hike, people started of thinking and using several 5/22/12

Types of energy
Renewable energy resources (or) non-conventional energy resources

Natural resources can be regenerated continuously and are inexhaustible. They can be used again and again in an endless manner. Example: Wood, solar energy, wind 5/22/12 energy, hydropower energy, etc.,

SOLAR ENERGY

The energy that we get directly from the sun is called solar energy. The nuclear fusion reactions occurring inside the sun release enormous amount of energy in the form of heat and light. 5/22/12

Fig. Solar

1.Solar cells (or) photovoltaic cells (or) PV cells

Methods of Harvesting Solar Energy

Solar cells consist of a ptype semiconductor (such as Si doped with B) and n-type semiconductor (Si doped with P). They are in close contact with each other. 5/22/12

Fig. Solar heat collector

WIND ENERGY
Energy recovered from the force of the wind is called wind energy. The energy possessed by wind is because of its high speed. The wind energy is harnessed by making use of wind mills. 1. Wind Mills

The strike of blowing wind on the blades of the wind mill makes it rotating continuously. The rotational motion of the blade drives a number of machines like water pump, flour mills 5/22/12

OCEAN ENERGY
1. Tidal energy (or) Tidal power

Fig.Tidal energy

Ocean tides, produced by gravitational forces of sun and moon, contain enormous amount of energy. The high tide and low tide refer to the rise and fall of water in the oceans.
5/22/12

2. Ocean thermal energy (OTE)

This temperature difference can be utilized to generate electricity. The energy available due to the difference in temperature of water is called ocean thermal energy. The temperature

Fig. Ocean thermal energy

Condition

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BIOMASS ENERGY

Biomass is the organic matter, produced by plants or animals, used as sources of energy. Most of the biomass is burned directly for heating, cooling and industrial purposes. Eg: Wood, crop residues, seeds, cattle dung, sewage, agricultural 5/22/12

2. Bio fuels Biofuels are the fuels, obtained by the fermentation of biomass. Eg: Ethanol, Methanol (a)Ethanol
5/22/12

Ethanol can be

3.Hydrogen Fuel

Hydrogen can be produced by thermal dissociation or photolysis or electrolysis of water. It possesses high calorific value. It is non polluting, because the combustion product is water. 2H2+O2---->2H2O+150KJ

Disadvantages of hydrogen fuel

Hydrogen is highly inflammable and explosive in nature Safe handling is required

5/22/12

It is difficult to store and transport.

Fig.

NON-RENEABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Coal

Coal is a solid fossil fuel formed in several stages as buried remains of land plants that lived 300-400 million years ago were subjected to intense heat and 5/22/12

Petroleum

Petroleum or crude oil = hydrocarbons +small amount S, O, N.

Occurrence

The fossil fuel formed by the decomposition of dead animals and plants that were buried under lake and ocean at high temperature and pressure for million years

Fractional distillation 5/22/12

Fig. Fractionating

3 LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) 1. The petroleum gas, converted into liquid under high pressure as LPG 2. LPG is colorless and odorless gas. 3. During bottling some mercaptans is added, to detect leakage of LPG from the cylinder. 4 5/22/12 Natural Gas

NUCLEAR ENERGY
Dr. H. Bhabha father. India has 10 nuclear reactors, which produce 2% of Indias electricity. 1 Nuclear Fission

Fig. Nuclear fission-chain reaction

Heavier nucleus is split into lighter nuclei, on bombardment by fast moving neutrons, and a large amount of energy is released.
5/22/12

Eg: Fission of U235

2 Nuclear fusion: Lighter nucleuses are combined together at extremely high temperatures to form heavier nucleus and a large amount of energy is released. Eg: Fusion of H21 .Two hydrogen-2 (Deuterium) atoms may 5/22/12 fuse to form helium at 1

LAND RESOURCES

It provides food, fibre, wood, medicine and other biological materials Soil is the mixture of inorganic materials (rocks and minerals) and organic materials (dead animals and plants). Top soil is classified as 5/22/12 renewable resources.

LAND DEGRADATION
1 Process of degradation of soil or loss of fertility of the soil. Harmful effects of land degradation

The soil texture and 5/22/12 soil structure are

Types of soil erosion

(i)Normal

erosion

Gradual removal of top soil by the natural process. The rate of erosion is slower.

(ii)Accelerated

erosion

Caused by man-made activities The rate of erosion is much faster than the rate of formation of soil.

Man induced landslides

During the construction of roads, mining activities etc. huge portions of fragile mountainous areas are cut or destroyed by dynamite and thrown into adjacent valleys 5/22/12 and streams.

Control of soil erosion (or) soil conservation practices

1. Conservational till farming (or) notill-farming

In tradition method, the land is ploughed and soil is broken up and leveled to make a planting surface. Here the tilling machines make slits in the unploughed soil and inject seeds, fertilizers and water in the slit. So the seed germinates and the crop grows. Fig. crops It involves planting Contourin rows across the farming contour of gently sloped land.

2. Contour farming

Each row acts as a small dam to hold soil and to slow 5/22/12 water runoff.

3. Terracing

It involves conversion of steep slopes into broad terraces, which run across the contour. This retains water for crops and reduces soil erosion by controlling runoff.
Fig. Terracing

4. Alley cropping (or) Agro forestry

It involves planting crops in strips or alleys between rows of trees of shrubs that can provide fruits and fuel wood. Even when the crop is harvested, the soil will not be eroded because trees 5/22/12
Fig. Alley

5. Wind breaks or shelter belts

The trees are planted in long rows along the boundary of cultivated lands, which block the wind and reduce soil erosion. Wind breaks help in retaining soil moisture, supply of some wood for fuel and provide habitats for birds.

Fig. Wind 5/22/12 breaks

DESERTIFICATION

Progressive destruction or degradation of arid or semiarid lands to desert. Desertification leads to the conversion of range lands or irrigated croplands to desert. Desertification is characterized by devegetation, depletion of ground water, salination and soil erosion.

Harmful effect of desertification

Around 80% of the productive land in the arid and semi-regions are converted into desert.
5/22/12 Around

600 million people are threatened

Causes of Desertification
(a)Deforestation

The process of denuding and degrading a forest land initiates a desert. This also increases, soil erosion, loss of fertility. The increase in cattle population heavily grazes the grass land or forests and as a result denudes the 5/22/12 area. land

(b)Over grazing

LANDSLIDES
Landslides are the downward and outward movement of a slope composed of earth materials such as rock, soil, artificial fills. Other names of landslides are rockslide, debris slide, slump, earth flow and soil creep Causes of landslides 1. Removal of vegetation In the sloppy area creates soil erosion, which leads to landslides. 2.5/22/12 Underground mining

Harmful effect of landslides

Landslide increases the turbidity of nearby streams, thereby reducing their productivity. Destruction of communication links. Loss of habitat and biodiversity. Loss of infrastructure and economic loss.

5/22/12

Conserve Water Don't

I.
5/22/12

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL

EQUITABLE USE OF RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE LIFE STYLE

There is a big divide in the world as North and South, the more developed countries (MDC'S) and less developed countries (LDC'S). The MDC's have only 22% of world's population, but they use 88% of its natural resources, 73% of its energy and command 85% of its income. As the rich nations continue to grow, they will reach a limit. If they have a growth rat of 10% every year, they will show 1024 times increase in the next 70 years. The poor in the LDC'S are at least able to sustain their life. The rich countries will have to lower down their consumption levels while the bare minimum 5/22/12 of the poor have to be fulfilled by needs

Unit IV SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

From unsustainable to sustainable development urban problems related to energy water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management resettlement and rehabilitation of people; its problems and concerns case studies role of

5/22/12

Unit IV SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

case studies wasteland reclamation consumerism and waste products environment production act Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) act Water prevention and control of Pollution act Wildlife protection act Forest conservation act

5/22/12

SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Objectives
Developing and modernizing the technologies without losing our sound traditional values and practices is essential

Sustainable development
Meeting the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations, to meet their own needs

True sustainable development 5/22/12

Aspects of sustainable development

Inter-generational equity Intra-generational equity.

Approaches for sustainable development

Developing appropriate technology - locally adaptable, ecofriendly, resource efficient and culturally suitable. Reduce, reuse, recycle [3R] approach reduces waste generation and pollution Providing environmental education and awareness changing attitude of the people Consumption of renewable resources attain sustainability
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Urban problems related to energy

demanding activities

WATER CONSERVATION
The process of saving water for future
Need for water conservation Changes in environmental factors Better lifestyles Increase in population Deforestation Over exploitation of ground water Agricultural and industrial activities. Strategies of water conservation Reducing evaporation losses Reducing irrigation losses Re use of water Preventing of wastage of water Decreasing run-off losses Avoid discharge of sewage 5/22/12

utilization

Fig. Rain Water Harvesting

Methods of water conservation Rain water harvesting- A technique of capturing and storing of rain water for further utilization. Objectives of rain water harvesting

Increasing demands Recharging the ground water Reducing the ground water Increase in hydro static pressure.

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The management of rainfall

WATER SHED MANAGEMENT

and resultant run-off.

Objectives

To minimize of risk of floods For improving the economy For developmental activities To generate huge employment opportunities To promote forestry 5/22/12

Causes

RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION OF PEOPLE

Due to Developmental activities Due to Disaster Due to conservation initiatives. Displacement of tribals increases poverty Breakup of families Communal ownership of property Vanishing social and cultural activities Loss of identity between the people.

Rehabilitation issues

Case Studies 5/22/12

Environmental ethics Refers to the issues, principles and guidelines relating to human interactions with their environment. Environmental problems

Deforestation Population growth Pollution due to effluent and smoke 5/22/12

CLIMATE
The average weather of an area.

Causes of climate change

Presence of green house gases Depletion of ozone gases.

Effect of climate change

Migration of animals 5/22/12

Fig. Climate

Green house effect

The progressive warming of earth surface due to blanketing effect of man made CO2 in the atmosphere.

Green global warming Effect onhouse gases- causing global warming are CO2, level N2O, CFCs. Sea CH4, Agriculture and forestry Water resources Terrestrial ecosystems Human health. Measures Reducing CO2 emission Utilizing renewable resources Plant more trees 5/22/12 Fig. Green House Adopt sustainable

ACID RAIN
The precipitation of CO2, SO2, and NO2 gases as pollutants in water.

Effects of acid rain

1. Human beings

Destroy life nervous, respiratory and digestive system Causes premature death from heart and lung 5/22/12

OZONE LAYER DEPLETION Ozone is formed in the stratosphere

by photo - chemical reaction.

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Fig. Depletion of

Ozone depleting chemicals Chloro Fluro carbon, Hydro chloro fluoro carbon, Bromo fluoroCarbon. Effects

On human health Skin cancer, cataracts, allergies etc. On aquatic systems- photo plankton, fish On materials- paints, plastics On climate increasing the average temperature of the earth surface
Fig. Causes and Effects of O3 depletion

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NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS ANDamounts of HOLOCAUST The release of large

nuclear energy and radioactive products into the atmosphere. Nuclear energy was researched by man as an alternate source of energy compared to fossil fuels

Fig.Bhopal gas tragedy plant

1.THE CARELESS SITING OF INDUSTRIES- Bhopal gas tragedy

The Bhopal gas tragedy on December 2nd 1984, where Union Carbide's Plant leaked 43 tons of Methyl Isocynate and other substances, used in the manufacture 5/22/12 of pesticides is one of the worst

On April 25, 1986, Russian engineers and scientists begin preliminary tests on Chernobyl power plant's 4th reactor. The reactor began to create excess heat. Without the automatic control, Several thousand 5/22/12 volunteers died on the

CHERNOBYL REACTOR INCIDENT Fig.

Chernobyl Reactor

Effects

Nuclear winter Ignition of all combustible material Suitable precautions to avoid accident Constant monitoring of the radiation level Checks and control measures done by 5/22/12

Control Measures

LEGISLATION AND LAWS IMPORTANT Water Act 1974, 1978An Act to provide for the PROTECTION ACTS
levy and collection of water consumed by persons carrying on certain industries and by local authorities

Water amendment Act 1987- As a result, some of the basic principles of water law applicable today in India derive from irrigation acts. Air Act 1981- An Act to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution, for the 5/22/12

PUBLIC AWARENESS Our environment is presently degrading due to many activities like pollution, deforestation, overgrazing, rapid industrialization and urbanization. Methods to create environmental awareness

In schools and colleges Through mass media

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Unit V HUMAN POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Population growth, variation among nations population explosion family welfare program me environment and human health , human rights value education about HIV /AIDS women and child welfare Case studies -role of information

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Population
Group of individuals belonging to the same species, which live in a given area at a given time. PARAMETERS AFFECTING POPULATION SIZE: 1.Birth rate or Natality 2.Death rate or Mortality 3.Immigration
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Causes of rapid population growth

The rapid population growth is due to decrease in death rate and increase in birth rate. Availability of antibiotics, immunization, increased food production, clean water and air decreases the famine-related deaths. In agricultural based countries, children are required to help parents in the field that is why population increases in the developing countries.

Characteristics of population growth 5/22/12

Variation of population based on age structure

1.Pyramid shaped India, Bangladesh, and Ethiopia.

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Variation of population based onand UK. structure age 2.Bell shaped France, USA,

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Variation of population based on age structure

3. Urn shaped - Germany, Italy, and Japan

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Population Explosion
The enormous increase in
population due to low death rate and high birth rate. Causes

Modern medical facilities, life expectancy, illiteracy. Effects

Poverty, Environmental degradation, over exploitation of natural resources, threat, communal 5/22/12 war.

Fig. 5.3 World Population Growth

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FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMME

Objectives

Slowing down the population explosion Over exploitation of natural resources

FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMME

Objectives

Reduce infant mortality rate. Encourage late marriages. Improve womens health. Control of communal diseases.

ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN 5/22/12 HEALTH

HUMAN RIGHTS

Human right to freedom Human right to property Human right to freedom of religion Human right to culture and education Human right to constitutional remedies Human right to equality
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Human right against

VALUE EDUCATION
Education It is nothing but learning about the particular thing through knowledge. We can identify our values and ourselves with the help of knowledge and experience. Types 1. Formal education-Self related learning process. 2. Value education Analyze based on 5/22/12

HIV /AIDS
AIDS is the abbreviated form for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immune deficiency Virus Origin of HIV/AIDS

Through African Monkey African monkey or Chimpanzees To human. Through Vaccine Programme
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(a)Polio, small pox vaccine from

Factors influencing modes of Transmission of HIV 1. Unprotected sex with infected person.
2. Using needles or syringes from HIV positive person. 3. During pregnancy, breast feeding HIV transmits from mother to infant babies. 4. Blood transfusion during accident and pregnancy. 5. Biologically the male to female transmission is 2 to 4 time more efficient than female to male transmission. 6. Womens cervical tissue is more vulnerable to HIV than men.
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Factors not influencing transmission of HIV 1. Tears, food, air, cough, handshake and normal kissing.
2. Mosquito flies and insect bites. 3. Sharing of utensils, clothes, toilets and bathroom.

Effects

Death Loss of labor Inability to work Lack of energy.

Functions of HIV in human body

White blood cells (WBC) are responsible for the formation of antibodies called T-helper cells-helper cells are the key infection fighters in the immune system. Once HIV cells are enter into the boy they destroy the Tcells and cause many infection diseases.
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Symptoms Minor symptoms

Persistent cough for more than one month. General skin disease. Viral infection. Fungus infection in mouth and

Mechanism of Infection

Control and Preventive measures

Education.

Prevention of Blood borne HIV Scenario in India transmission. Large number of cases has been Primary health reported in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. care.
World Scenario Counseling services. Nearly 90% of the HIV affected 5/22/12 peoples treatment. Drug live in developing countries.13%

WOMANS AND CHILD WELFARE

International womens day

ROLE OF To provide education INFORMATION To impart TECHNOLOGY IN vocational

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training

ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENT 1. Remote sensing Functions Components - A platform, aircraft, a Origin of electro balloon, rocket and satellite. magnetic energy

Transmission of energy Interaction of energy Detection of energy 5/22/12

Functions of remote sensing

2.Data BaseCollection of inter related data on various subjects. Applications 3.World Wide Ministry of Web environment and It provides forest Current data. National management information Applications 5/22/12

Database

Applications of

4. Geographical information system (GIS) It is a technique of superimposing various thematic maps using digital data on a large number of interrelated aspects. Application

GIS OPERATIONS

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Thematic maps

5. Satellite data

Helps in providing reliable information and data about forest cover Provide information about forecasting weather Satellite data Reserves of oil, minerals can be discovered.
processing

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Thank you for your attention !

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